Disease-Chapter 9 Flashcards
Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis, Polio)
Dr. Jonas Salk- developed first vaccine for polio
Dr. Albert Sabin six years later developed second vaccine which replaced Salk vaccine
North and South America were certified free from illness in 1994
Sabin- oral medication
Polio
Transmission
Symptoms
transmitted by poliomyelitis virus
direct contact
respiratory secretions mainly
also by fecal oral route in areas with poor sanitation
Symptoms- asymptomatic 90%
minor illness 5% fever headache, malaise, sore throat, vomit (digestive symptoms)
nonparalytic 1-2% back pain and muscle spasms
paralytic .1-2% experience spinal or cranial paralysis
Polio
Treatment
Prevention/Control
analgesics for pain relief, physical therapy for muscle atrophy, no cure
prevention- immunization
treatment for those infected
Hepatitis A
infectious hepatitis A=acute inflammation of liver most common very communicable
Hepatitis A
Transmission
shellfish from contaminated water
found in feces of infected persons (poor hygiene food handling)
incubation 28-30 days
Hepatitis A
Symptoms
sudden fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, digestive problems in general
possible jaundice in adults after initial symptoms
severity increases with age
Hepatitis A
Treatment
Prevention/ Control
no treatment
can cure infection with immune system support
prevention- shellfish cooked at high heat
sanitation and personal hygiene
Hepatitis B
B=Blood
serum hepatitis
slower/ milder onset
incubation 60-90 days
Hepatitis B
Transmission
blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluids, contaminated needles, syringes, sexual intercourse
Hepatitis B
Symptoms
Vague abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting
rash, jaundice, higher mortality than type A
Hepatitis B
Treatment
monitor fluid levels, bed rest
severe cases: Interferon (prtn help rebuild work in blood bloodstream)
Hepatitis B
Prevention/Control
vaccines
recommended for all newborns
Hepatitis C
not acute after incubation c= chronic, cirrhosis, cancer 25-30% have symptoms 60% high risk drug use 20% sexual behaviors 5% tats incubation 5-9 weeks
Hepatitis C
Transmission
blood
mother to child at birth or breast feeding
fomites
Hepatitis C
Symptoms
often asymptomatic or slow in manifesting
appearance after liver disease has progressed (cirrhosis scaring of liver) or cancer
Hepatitis C
Treatment
interferon and ribavirin- antiviral
Hepatitis C
Prevention/control
avoid contact with blood and blood contaminated fomites
Rabies (Hydrophobia)
disease of animals- bats, skunks, raccoons, dogs, cats, cattle
CNS altered, body rejects water
Rabies
Transmission
bite of rabid animal
saliva enters muscle tissue where it incubates, replicates, lyse muscle fiber
Rabies
Symptoms
progresses thru stages: pain, burning, sensation of cold, itching at site
- fever, headache, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, sore throat, persistent loose cough
- nervousness, anxiety, irritability, hyperesthesia
- restlessness, hyperactivity, disorientation
- intense thirst but inability to drink water
- eye and facial muscles become paralyzed
- coma, death from encephalitis
Rabies
Treatment
fatal if not treated promptly
immediately clean and flush wound with soap and water
vaccine administered varies
Rabies
Prevention/ Control
registration, licensing, vaccination of all cats and dogs
avoid handling sick animals
know local fauna
West Nile Virus
first identified in Africa in 1937
first seen in NYC 1999, rest of country 2004
no cure, no vaccine
West Nile Virus
Transmission
infected bird to mosquito to human
continued to be explored
West Nile Virus
Symptoms
80% have no symptoms
initially resemble other disease flu like illness
can progress to neurological disease (Stiff neck, disorientation, muscle weakness, seizures, meningitis)
West Nile Virus
Treatment
no treatment yet, manage symptoms
West Nile Virus
Prevention/ Control
surveillance, mosquito control, individual protection
Encephalitis
severe inflammation of brain
incubation 5-15 days
horse poo- bird- eats poo- mosquito
Encephalitis
4 main viral agents in U.S.
Eastern equine encephalitis
Western equine encephalitis
Lacrosse encephalitis (rare)
St. Louis Encephalitis (West of Mississippi)
Encephalitis
Transmission
mosquito bite
Encephalitis
Symptoms
usually no symptoms at first
fever, headache, vomiting
stiff neck and back, drowsiness, convulsions, muscular incoordination, psychoses, paralysis, coma
psychoses
loss of touch with reality
Encephalitis
Treatment
no specific treatment- dont know enough about it yet
analgesics and supportive therapy
Encephalitis
Prevention/ Control
mosquito control
screened living quarters
repellants
Herpes Simplex
70-90% adults have been exposed to type 1 worldwide
only 10% have visible symptoms
60% disease reactivated later on in life
recurrent and localized
Herpes Simplex
Type 1
lips, face primarily but can be on genitals
Herpes Simplex
Type II
genital area also face
Herpes Simplex
Transmission
saliva, sexual activities, birth through infected vaginal canal during outbreak
Herpes Simplex
Symptoms
can be asymptomatic
varying degrees
external (lesions with itching/ tingling, fever, swollen glands, painful urination)
herpetic whitlow- infection of fingers type 1 or 2
internal symptoms may go unnoticed
Herpes Simplex
Treatment
no cure is available, lifetime disease Outbreaks- analgesic antipyretic numbing mouthwash calamine lotion acyclovir or other antiviral drugs
Herpes Simplex
Prevention/ Control
oral herpes is difficult to avoid
genital and anal herpes can be reduced through condom
cesarean section for pregnant women
Warts
caused by one of the strain of Human Papilloma virus associated with cervical cancer incubation 2-3 months virus can be present with out warts over 100 strains
Warts
Different Kinds
common warts- brown, raised, hands
flat warts- face, not raised, scratch marks
filiform warts- skin tag, eyelid, neck, arm pit
plantar warts- bottom feet
genital warts - 40% population
Warts
Transmission
direct contact
autoinoculation
walking barefoot contaminated floors
sexual contact
Warts
Symptoms
firm, defined, round or irregular growths
infected warts can cause pain
Warts
Treatment
can disappear with enough resistance - support immune system
procedures can remove some warts (return)
do not use OTC remedies on face or genital warts
Warts
Prevention/Control
avoid direct contact
shower floods, lesions on self or others
using condoms
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
early 1980s increase two rare diseases in healthy demographic with out explanation
pneumocysitis carinii
usually found in imunosuppressed individuals fungal infections of lungs
kapoi’s sarcoma
usually found in elderly men; aging spot
AIDS
year
places sent
names
virus identified in 1984
sent to CDC (Human t-cell lymphotropic virus,strain III) France (lymphadenopathy associated virus)
renamed human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS
epidemiology
in less than 10yrs aids became sencond leading cause of death in males 25-44 years old, fifth in women
AIDS
incubation
1-3 months
1-15 years
varies
AIDS
People living with AIDS/HIV
33.3 million
AIDS
New infections in 2009
2.6 million (7600 per day)
AIDS
death in 2009
1.8 million
AIDS
orphans
16.6 million
AIDS
Americans living with AIDS
490,696
AIDS
children living with AIDS
4,043 usually by sexual molestation
AIDS
transmission
semen, vaginal, anal secretions, blood
mother to child- fetus
AIDS
symptoms
asymptomatic for at least 10 years
nonspecific symptoms after infection- fever, headache, sore throat, muscle aches, enlarged lymph nodes, generalized rash
often attributed to flu
diagnosis based on t-cell count and opportunistic infections
AIDS
treatment
no cure been found
drugs to fight HIV and opportunistic disease
Nucleoside reverse transciptase inhibitors (RT)- azt
protease inhibitors
HAART- highly active antiretroviral therapy
AIDS
prevention/control
sexual relations with only uninfected persons sterilized needle use sterile gloves and equipment condom usage education current work on vaccines
