Disease at the Organ Level

Question 1

Hypoperfusion

Answer 1

Shock

Inadequate perfusion of body tissue

Question 2

Preload

Answer 2

amount of blood delivered during diastole when heart fills with blood between contractions

Question 3

Afterload

Answer 3

Resistance against which the ventricles must contract

Question 4

Fick Principle

Answer 4

Adequate concentration of O2
Appropriate movement of O2 in bloodstream
Adequate blood cells Proper tissue perfusion

Question 5

Compensated Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 5

Body systems attempt to reestablish a normal blood pressure

Increased heart rate, increased cardiac contractile strength, arteriolar constriction - all serve to elevate BP

Question 6

Decompensated Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 6

Shock is too serious for body to compensate
Caused by sepsis
May lead to irreversible shock

Question 7

Cardiogenic Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 7

• Impaired pumping power of heart
• Usually result of severe left ventricular failure (AMI, CHF)
• Presence of pulmonary edema (difficulty breathing: wheezes, crackles, rales)
• Ensure open airway, O2, keep pt warm

Question 8

Hypovolemic Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 8

• Decreased blood or water volume
• Caused by hemorrhage, injury, open fractures, severe dehydration, plasma loss from burns, sweating, diabetic ketoacididosis)
• altered mental, pale cool clammy skin, BP falls, increased HR, cardiac arrhythmia)
• Administer fluid to maintain systolic BP between 70-85.

Question 9

Neurogenic Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 9

• Results from injury to brain or spinal cord (also stroke, meningitis, etc)
• Warm, red, dry skin; low BP, low HR
• Ensure open airway, O2, IV access

Question 10

Anaphylactic Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 10

-Severe allergic response from a foreign body (occurs very rapidly)
-Rash, swollen, irritated airway
-Skin (flushing, itching, hives, swelling, cyanosis) Respiratory system (diff breathing, sneezing, coughing)
Cardiovascular system (vasodilation, increased HR, low BP) GI system (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
Nervous system (altered mental)
-Protect airway, EPI, antihistamine, corticosteroids, vasopressors, IV of crystalloid (NS or LR) BE AGGRESSIVE with treatment

Question 11

Septic Shock
Define:
Causes:
Symptoms:
Treatment:

Answer 11

• Begins with infection that enters bloodstream and carried throughout body
• Caused by recent infection or illness
• Fever, diff breathing, altered mental, flushed skin early leading to cyanosis in late stages, multiple organ dysfunction system

Question 12

Multiple Organ Dysfunction System (MODS)

Answer 12

• brought on by sepsis and septic shock, progressive impairment of 2+ organ systems resulting from uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury
• does not occur in one intense crisis, occurs over weeks
• no specific therapy, early recognition

Question 13

Natural immunity versus Acquired immunity

Answer 13

Natural - not generated by immune repines, inborn, part of genetic makeup
Acquired - develops as outcome of immune response, allergy shots

Question 14

Immunoglobulins

Answer 14

Antibodies - proteins present in plasma portion of blood