Disease at the Chemical Level Flashcards
Carbohydrate
Define and name 2 types
Contain C H O
Provide majority of calories
2 types: sugars and polysaccharides
Monosaccharide
Define and name 3 types
Simple sugars :
Glucose - 6 C, principle energy source
Fructose - 5 C, plants, veg, and honey
Galactose - 6 C, found in dairy
Disaccharides
Define and name 3 types
Complex sugars
Sucrose - combo of glucose and fructose
Lactose - combo of glucose and galactose
Maltose - combo of 2 glucose
Polysaccharides
Define and name 3 types
type of carbohydrate
starches - plant
cellulose - plant
glycogen - animal
Glycogen
Definition - Where is it stored?
Most important polysaccharide.
Primarily stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.
Broken down to glucose for energy by glycogenolysis.
Glycogenolysis
Process to break down glycogen into glucose.
Controlled by glucagon and epi
Define Lipids Name 3 types
Chemicals that do not dissolve in water (fats)
Triglycerides - 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol (saturated/unsaturated)
Phospholipids - 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and phosphate
Steroids -4 carbon ring, basic unit is cholesterol
anabolism - constructive phase of metabolism
catabolism - destructive phase
pH of arterial blood
slightly basic, ranging from 7.35-7.45
Define buffers Name 3 major buffer systems
Substance dissolved in water that counteracts changes in pH As [H] > buffers remove excess ions As [H] < buffers add ions Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System Protein Buffer System Phosphate Buffer System
Carbon acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Most important. Fastest acting.
Primarily regulates pH of ECF, including blood.
*When buffering acid, CO2 is produced, which elevates the PaCO2 in blood.
This increase causes brain to increase respirations to remove excess CO2 by exhaling it from body. *Can only function when respiration is functioning normally. (Cannot expel H ions)
Protein buffer system
Works by way of selective amino acid monomers releasing or accepting H ions.
Plays major role in pH regulation in both ECF and ICF.
Phosphate buffer system
Plays a role in buffering the pH of ICF and urine.
Uses dihydrogen phosphate combined with H ion
Respiratory Acidosis
Occurs when the respiratory system cannot eliminate all of the carbon dioxide.
Increase in PaCO2 ***Hypercapnia
Decrease in pH
Usual cause is hypoventilation
Respiratory Alkalosis
Occurs when the respiratory system eliminates too much CO2.
Decrease in PaCO2 ***Hypocapnia
Increase in pH
Usual cause is hyperventilation (anxiety, fear) also CHF and liver failure
Metabolic Acidosis
Decrease of bicarbonate (HCO3) in the body.
Decrease in pH.
Caused by diabetes and kidney disease
