Disease at the Cellular Level

Question 1

Define plasma membrane and its function

Answer 1

Surrounds cells
Separates ECF from ICF
Plays integral role in cells sticking to each otherMaintains structural integrity of cell
Aids in communication of cells
Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell

Question 2

Hypertonic solution

Answer 2

When a solution on one side of the membrane is more concentrated than the other

Question 3

Hypotonic solution

Answer 3

When a solution on one side of the membrane is less concentrated than the other

Question 4

Hydrophilic

Answer 4

Attracted to water

Question 5

Hydrophobic

Answer 5

Repellent of water

Question 6

Define active transport

Answer 6

Moves a solute across the plasma membrane with help from a carrier protein and also uses energy in the form of ATP
Substances move from areas of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

Question 7

Define endocytosis

Answer 7

large molecules, single cell organisms (bacteria), and fluid containing dissolved substances can enter the cell.
A section of the plasma membrane encircles the substance to be ingested

Question 8

Phagocytosis

Answer 8

Cell engulfs large particles of bacteria

Question 9

Pinocytosis

Answer 9

Cell engulfs droplets of fluid carrying dissolved substances

Question 10

Exocytosis

Answer 10

Large molecules can leave the cell by becoming encircled in the membrane vesicle

Question 11

Intracellular fluid

Answer 11

Fluid found inside body cells

70% of all body water is found here

Question 12

Extracellular fluid

Answer 12

Fluid found outside body cells

30% of all body water is found here

Question 13

Intravascular fluid

Answer 13

Fluid outside of cells and within circulatory system (Blood plasma)
5% of body water is found here

Question 14

Interstitial fluid

Answer 14

all fluid outside of cells, not within circulatory system
25% of body water found here
(fluid that lubes joints, bile saliva, gastric juices)

Question 15

Dehydration

5 Causes

Answer 15

Decrease in total body water
Gastrointestinal - vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorbtion
Increased insensible loss - perspiration, fever, high temp
Increased sweating
Internal loss - fluid lost from intravascular/intracellular into interstitial space (peritonitis, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction)
Plasma loss - burns, fistulas, open wounds

Question 16

Overhydration

Answer 16

Increase in total body waterEdema is present

Question 17

Cations - 4 frequently occurring

Answer 17

Sodium (Na+) - most prevalent cation in ECF. Water follows sodium. Transmission of nervous impulse.
HYPERNATREMIA (too much)
HYPONATREMIA (too little)

Potassium (K+) - most prevalent in ICF. Transmission of electrical impulse.
HYPERKALEMIA (too much)
HYPOKALEMIA (too little)

Calcium (Ca++) - major role in muscle contraction
HYPERCALCEMIA (too much)
HYPOCALCEMIA (too little)

Magnesium (Mg++) -
HYPERMAGNESEMIA (too much)
HYPOMAGNESEMIA (too little)

Question 18

Anions - 3 frequently occurring

Answer 18

Chloride (Cl-) fluid balance and renal function
Bicarbonate - Principle buffer of body
Phosphate - Renal function

Question 19

Edema

Answer 19

Accumulation of water in the Interstitial Space
Decrease in plasma oncotic force may result in decrease in plasma proteins.
(liver disease, open wound, hemorrhage, burns)

Question 20

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 20

aka Vasopressin

Chief regulator of water retention and distribution

Question 21

IV fluids – Colloid

Answer 21

Contains proteins and remain in intravascular space for an extended period of time
** they attract water from intravascular space from the interstitial space and intracellular space
(Plasmanate, Albumin, Dextran, Hespan)

Question 22

IV fluids - Crystalloids

Answer 22

Isotonic solution - will not cause significant fluid or electrolyte shift (*NS and *LR)

Hypertonic solution - cause a shift out of interstitial space and intracellular compartment into intravascular space (7.5 NaCl solution)

Hypotonic solution - moves fluid from intravascular space to interstitial space and intracellular compartment (D5W)Most common used

Question 23

Glycolysis

Answer 23

Breakdown of 6 C sugar glucose
Occurs in cytroplasm
Phase 1 - 2 molecules of ATP are used to prepare the glucose molecule for splitting into 2 3-C molecules
Phase 2: 2 3-C molecules are broken down to pyruvic acid

Question 24

Citric Adic Cycle

Answer 24

Kreb’s cycle

Occurs in the mitochondria

Question 26

Hyperplasia

Answer 26

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

example: development of breast tissue

Question 27

Hypertrophy

Answer 27

Increase in the size of cells in a tissue or organ

example: person begins a vigorous exercise program

Question 28

Atrophy

Answer 28

Decrease in the size of a cell

example: aging tissues become thin and frail, muscles atrophy after spinal injury

Question 29

Metaplasia

Answer 29

Cells that change from one type to another

example: smoking - cells in airway change

Question 30

Fermentation

Answer 30

Breakdown of glucose without oxygen

Question 31

Necrosis

Answer 31

cell death

Question 32

Apoptosis

Answer 32

Preprogrammed form of cell death (cell suicide)

Question 33

Ischemia

Answer 33

Diminished blood flow

Question 34

Hypoxia

Answer 34

Decreased oxygen

Question 35

Neoplasia

Answer 35

Abnormal cell growth where cells grow and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion
(tumor: mass of these cells)(metastasis: malignant cells move to other areas of body usually through bloodstream)

Question 36

Dysplasia

Answer 36

Abnormal cell growth