Disease at the Cellular Level Flashcards
Define plasma membrane and its function
Surrounds cells
Separates ECF from ICF
Plays integral role in cells sticking to each otherMaintains structural integrity of cell
Aids in communication of cells
Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
Hypertonic solution
When a solution on one side of the membrane is more concentrated than the other
Hypotonic solution
When a solution on one side of the membrane is less concentrated than the other
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Hydrophobic
Repellent of water
Define active transport
Moves a solute across the plasma membrane with help from a carrier protein and also uses energy in the form of ATP
Substances move from areas of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
Define endocytosis
large molecules, single cell organisms (bacteria), and fluid containing dissolved substances can enter the cell.
A section of the plasma membrane encircles the substance to be ingested
Phagocytosis
Cell engulfs large particles of bacteria
Pinocytosis
Cell engulfs droplets of fluid carrying dissolved substances
Exocytosis
Large molecules can leave the cell by becoming encircled in the membrane vesicle
Intracellular fluid
Fluid found inside body cells
70% of all body water is found here
Extracellular fluid
Fluid found outside body cells
30% of all body water is found here
Intravascular fluid
Fluid outside of cells and within circulatory system (Blood plasma)
5% of body water is found here
Interstitial fluid
all fluid outside of cells, not within circulatory system
25% of body water found here
(fluid that lubes joints, bile saliva, gastric juices)
Dehydration
5 Causes
Decrease in total body water
Gastrointestinal - vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorbtion
Increased insensible loss - perspiration, fever, high temp
Increased sweating
Internal loss - fluid lost from intravascular/intracellular into interstitial space (peritonitis, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction)
Plasma loss - burns, fistulas, open wounds
Overhydration
Increase in total body waterEdema is present
Cations - 4 frequently occurring
Sodium (Na+) - most prevalent cation in ECF. Water follows sodium. Transmission of nervous impulse.
HYPERNATREMIA (too much)
HYPONATREMIA (too little)
Potassium (K+) - most prevalent in ICF. Transmission of electrical impulse.
HYPERKALEMIA (too much)
HYPOKALEMIA (too little)
Calcium (Ca++) - major role in muscle contraction
HYPERCALCEMIA (too much)
HYPOCALCEMIA (too little)
Magnesium (Mg++) -
HYPERMAGNESEMIA (too much)
HYPOMAGNESEMIA (too little)
Anions - 3 frequently occurring
Chloride (Cl-) fluid balance and renal function
Bicarbonate - Principle buffer of body
Phosphate - Renal function
Edema
Accumulation of water in the Interstitial Space
Decrease in plasma oncotic force may result in decrease in plasma proteins.
(liver disease, open wound, hemorrhage, burns)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aka Vasopressin
Chief regulator of water retention and distribution
IV fluids – Colloid
Contains proteins and remain in intravascular space for an extended period of time
** they attract water from intravascular space from the interstitial space and intracellular space
(Plasmanate, Albumin, Dextran, Hespan)
IV fluids - Crystalloids
Isotonic solution - will not cause significant fluid or electrolyte shift (*NS and *LR)
Hypertonic solution - cause a shift out of interstitial space and intracellular compartment into intravascular space (7.5 NaCl solution)
Hypotonic solution - moves fluid from intravascular space to interstitial space and intracellular compartment (D5W)Most common used
Glycolysis
Breakdown of 6 C sugar glucose
Occurs in cytroplasm
Phase 1 - 2 molecules of ATP are used to prepare the glucose molecule for splitting into 2 3-C molecules
Phase 2: 2 3-C molecules are broken down to pyruvic acid
Citric Adic Cycle
Kreb’s cycle
Occurs in the mitochondria
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
example: development of breast tissue
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size of cells in a tissue or organ
example: person begins a vigorous exercise program
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell
example: aging tissues become thin and frail, muscles atrophy after spinal injury
Metaplasia
Cells that change from one type to another
example: smoking - cells in airway change
Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose without oxygen
Necrosis
cell death
Apoptosis
Preprogrammed form of cell death (cell suicide)
Ischemia
Diminished blood flow
Hypoxia
Decreased oxygen
Neoplasia
Abnormal cell growth where cells grow and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion
(tumor: mass of these cells)(metastasis: malignant cells move to other areas of body usually through bloodstream)
Dysplasia
Abnormal cell growth
