disease and vaccines

Question 1

what are the two categories of the immune system

Answer 1

innate and adaptive

Question 2

what is the innate immune system

Answer 2

first line of defense against germs
responds the same way to all germs
white blood cells identify and remove foreign substances in organs, tissues and blood
skin and mucous membranes are this first line of defense

Question 3

what is the adaptive immune system

Answer 3

takes over if the innate system can’t destroy the germs
more accurate at killing germs, also remembers them so next time it happens the body can respond faster

Question 4

how do you achieve passive immunity

Answer 4

feeding of colostrum(first milk) to a newborn and by giving plasma containing antibodies

Question 5

how do you achieve active immunity

Answer 5

it happens after being exposed to a germ or virus or through a vaccine

Question 6

what is an infectious disease

Answer 6

disease caused by a pathogenic microogranism or agent

Question 7

examples of infectious disease passed by direct contact (horse to horse)

Answer 7

Influenza, rabies, strangles

Question 8

infectious diseases passed by vector

Answer 8

west nile virus

Question 9

diseases passed through the environment

Answer 9

tetanus, potomac horse fever

Question 10

two types of vacciination

Answer 10

primary- given first
and booster - usually given later as a follow up to the primer

Question 11

primary vaccine

Answer 11

immune system will think its a foreign germ and create a response to kill it and then the body remembers that germ so it can fight it off if it happens again

Question 12

booster vaccine

Answer 12

immune system will remember the germ from the first vaccine and begin to kill it. the booster shot helps to increase the immune system and teach it to produce more of the specific immunity needed to kill that germ

Question 13

core vaccinations needed in ontario

Answer 13

tetanus
rabies
EEE - eastern equine encephalomyelitis
WEE western equine encephalomyelitis
west nile virus

Question 14

what is tetanus

Answer 14

affects all ages
bacterial infection caused by clostridium tetani found in environment
usually enters through an open wound

Question 15

what is rabies

Answer 15

virus that causes infection in nervous system
get it from the bite of an animal that has it
happens quickly leads to paralysis and death

Question 16

two types of rabies

Answer 16

furious - causes agitation, rolling, biting striking or self inflicted wounds
paralytic rabies - paralyzes the throat and jaw muscles, causes drooping of jaw eventually whole horse become paralyzed and dies

Question 17

eastern and western encephalomyelitis EEE and WEE

Answer 17

EEE fatal 90% of the time WEE 50%
cause brain and spinal cord swelling
usually late summer and early fall

Question 18

EEE and WEE transmission happens by?

Answer 18

carried by birds and then transmitted to horse by mosquito bites
full recovery is rare but over time horses get better but not fully recovered

Question 19

west nile virus

Answer 19

transmitted by mosquitos
causes central nervous system dysfunction can be fatal

Question 20

symptoms of west nile virus

Answer 20

discomfort anxiety, lameness
muzzle twitching, aimless wandering, circling, can’t swallow, trembling, paralysis, death
some horses show no signs before they die

Question 21

equine influenza

Answer 21

most common disease, respiratory tract
highly contagious
get through direct contact or indirect like coughing sneezing

Question 22

signs of flu

Answer 22

incubation period 1-3 days
high fever, nasal discharge, cough, loss of appetite
contagious for up to 14 days
need rest, antibiotics if needed and NSAIDs for fever
one week off for every day of fever

Question 23

vaccines for flu

Answer 23

inactivated - dead version of virus given by injection
modified - like a vaccine but given intranasal

Question 24

Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)

Answer 24

also known as rhino
common DNA virus named by numbers
EHV 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
EHV1 - can cause repiratory disease, abortion or neonatal death
EHV4 usually just causes respiratory disease
respiratory disease common in foals

Question 25

EHV transmission

Answer 25

direct transmission - horse to horse contact through nasal secretions
indirect transmission by touching objects that the virus is on, it can live up to 7 days on something