disease and vaccines Flashcards
what are the two categories of the immune system
innate and adaptive
what is the innate immune system
first line of defense against germs
responds the same way to all germs
white blood cells identify and remove foreign substances in organs, tissues and blood
skin and mucous membranes are this first line of defense
what is the adaptive immune system
takes over if the innate system can’t destroy the germs
more accurate at killing germs, also remembers them so next time it happens the body can respond faster
how do you achieve passive immunity
feeding of colostrum(first milk) to a newborn and by giving plasma containing antibodies
how do you achieve active immunity
it happens after being exposed to a germ or virus or through a vaccine
what is an infectious disease
disease caused by a pathogenic microogranism or agent
examples of infectious disease passed by direct contact (horse to horse)
Influenza, rabies, strangles
infectious diseases passed by vector
west nile virus
diseases passed through the environment
tetanus, potomac horse fever
two types of vacciination
primary- given first
and booster - usually given later as a follow up to the primer
primary vaccine
immune system will think its a foreign germ and create a response to kill it and then the body remembers that germ so it can fight it off if it happens again
booster vaccine
immune system will remember the germ from the first vaccine and begin to kill it. the booster shot helps to increase the immune system and teach it to produce more of the specific immunity needed to kill that germ
core vaccinations needed in ontario
tetanus
rabies
EEE - eastern equine encephalomyelitis
WEE western equine encephalomyelitis
west nile virus
what is tetanus
affects all ages
bacterial infection caused by clostridium tetani found in environment
usually enters through an open wound
what is rabies
virus that causes infection in nervous system
get it from the bite of an animal that has it
happens quickly leads to paralysis and death
two types of rabies
furious - causes agitation, rolling, biting striking or self inflicted wounds
paralytic rabies - paralyzes the throat and jaw muscles, causes drooping of jaw eventually whole horse become paralyzed and dies
eastern and western encephalomyelitis EEE and WEE
EEE fatal 90% of the time WEE 50%
cause brain and spinal cord swelling
usually late summer and early fall
EEE and WEE transmission happens by?
carried by birds and then transmitted to horse by mosquito bites
full recovery is rare but over time horses get better but not fully recovered
west nile virus
transmitted by mosquitos
causes central nervous system dysfunction can be fatal
symptoms of west nile virus
discomfort anxiety, lameness
muzzle twitching, aimless wandering, circling, can’t swallow, trembling, paralysis, death
some horses show no signs before they die
equine influenza
most common disease, respiratory tract
highly contagious
get through direct contact or indirect like coughing sneezing
signs of flu
incubation period 1-3 days
high fever, nasal discharge, cough, loss of appetite
contagious for up to 14 days
need rest, antibiotics if needed and NSAIDs for fever
one week off for every day of fever
vaccines for flu
inactivated - dead version of virus given by injection
modified - like a vaccine but given intranasal
Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)
also known as rhino
common DNA virus named by numbers
EHV 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
EHV1 - can cause repiratory disease, abortion or neonatal death
EHV4 usually just causes respiratory disease
respiratory disease common in foals
EHV transmission
direct transmission - horse to horse contact through nasal secretions
indirect transmission by touching objects that the virus is on, it can live up to 7 days on something
