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Biology > Disease and the immune system > Flashcards

Disease and the immune system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of disease can pathogens cause?

A

Communicable and non communicable

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2
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Disease is a condition which effects the normal functioning of an organism.

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3
Q

What are the types of pathogens?

A

Bacterial, virus, Fungi, protocistia

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4
Q

What type of pathogen is responsible for TB (tuberculosis) and what does it normally effect?

A

bacterium (mycrobacterium called tuberculosis bacteria) and effects the respiratory system in animals, humans and cattle.

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5
Q

How can TB be treated?

A

Atibiotics (there are som resistance strains of TB)

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6
Q

How does the immune system react to TB

A

Heathy people: WBC called macrophages engulf the bacteria through phagocytosis
Tissue mass is formed around infected site called a tubercle - heals the infected region after 3-8 weeks

Bacteria can last in the body util the immune system gets weakened = active TB

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7
Q

What causes Bacterial Meningitis?

A

Bacteria infection caused by STREPTOCOCCUS pneumonia that effects humans protective membranes of the surface of the brain.

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis?

A

Purple red rash that does not disappear when pressed with glass

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9
Q

How can bacteria Meningitis be treated?

A

Antibiotics if treated early and there are some vaccine on some strains.

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10
Q

What causes Ring Rot and what does it effect?

A

A bacterium infection of potatoes and tomatoes which causes a ring of decay in the vascular tissue.

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11
Q

What causes HIV and AIDS?

A

A viral infection in humans what destroys the immune systems by targeting t-helper cells.

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12
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Unprotected sex, Shared needles, Bodily fluids, Pregnancy, birth, breast-feeding.

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13
Q

Is there a cure for HIV?

A

No cure but can give anti-retrovial drugs that slows the process of it developing into aids

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14
Q

What causes influenza?

A

Caused by a virus of the ciliated epithelium cells in the gas exchange system that affects humans. kills the cells leaving the airway open to other diseases.

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15
Q

What causes Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

It is a plant virus infection that causes moulding and discolouration of leaves

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16
Q

What causes Black Sigatoka?

A

a FUNGAL infection in banana plants that causes spots that reduce the yield.

17
Q

What causes Ring worm?

A

Funcal disease that effects cattle that causes grey white crusty areas of skin.

18
Q

what is athletes foot?

A

A fungi infection that grows on and digests warm moist skin between the toes.

19
Q

How can athletes food be treated?

A

Antifungal cream.

20
Q

What is Blight?

A

It is a protoctist infection of tomato and potatoes.

21
Q

What is Malaria?

A

It is a protoctist infection travelled by a vector (mosquito) which causes headache and fever or coma.

22
Q

How can you prevent malaria?

A

Nets, bug repellants, incectorsides.

23
Q

What are primary, non specific defences?

A

Skin
Skin flora
Mucous membranes
Lysozyme (tears)
Blood clotting
Inflammatory response
Fever

24
Q

How do fevers prevent pathogens from entering?

A

The core body temp is 37° this is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain
During infection, body temp raised so pathogens can’t reproduce as quickly

25
Q

How does blood clotting help prevent pathogens from entering?

A

Platelets run to the site and relieve two substances: thromboplastin (clot) and serotonin (muscles to contract around wound - clot dries out to form scab and skin grows beneath. Collagen fibres reinforce news skin cells

26
Q

How does the inflammatory response work?

A

Mast cells release histamines (heat swelling, redness) and cytokines (release WBC cause fever)

27
Q

What are interferons?

A

Proteins produced by virus - infected body cells in response to the virus

Trigger the production of a second protein that inhibits the viral reproduction by binding to mRNA coded proteins.

Biology (7 decks)

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