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Biology > Bilogical Molecules > Flashcards

Bilogical Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of water?

A

Oxygen is slightly negative as the electrons are more distributed (delta negative)
Hydrogen in slightly positive as the electrons are less distributed (delta positive)

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2
Q

What causes a hydrogen bond to be formed in water?

A

The slight difference in charge between the hydrogen and oxygen of two water molecules

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3
Q

What are the 6 properties of water?

A

1) ice is less dense than water
2) high surface tension
3) Strong cohesive properties
4) Colourless with High transmittion
5) Liquid at room temp
6) High latent heat of evaporation

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4
Q

What are carbohydrates made from?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

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5
Q

Name a type of monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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6
Q

What are the two forms of glucose?

A

Alpha and Beta

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7
Q

What are the bonds called between two monosaccharides and what type of reaction is it?

A

Glycosidic bonds by a condensation reaction.

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8
Q

What is the reverse of a condensation reaction

A

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides?

A

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

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10
Q

Explain what starch is?

A
  • Main energy storage material in plants to get energy. Plants store excess glucose as starch.
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11
Q

Name 2 examples of alpha glucose?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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12
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble in water?

A

Insoluble (can’t dissolve)

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13
Q

What is amylose?

A

Long, unbranched chains and alpha glucose.

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14
Q

What is amylose good for?

A

Storage (as you can fit more into one place)

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15
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose

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16
Q

What is amylopectin good for?

A

Good at relieving energy (due to the branches allowing enzymes to break down the molecule quickly)

17
Q

What is glycogen used for?

A

The main energy store in animals

18
Q

What is glycogens structure simmular to?

A

Amylopectin (but with more branches)

19
Q

What is glycogen a store of?

A

Glucose (verry compact)

20
Q

What is cellulose for?

A

Major component in cell walls in plants

21
Q

What type of glucose is cellulose made of?

A

Beta glucose

22
Q

How is cellulose structured?

A

Straight cellulose chains linked together by H-bonds to form strong fibres

23
Q

What is cellulose do to a plant?

A

Structural support.

24
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol.

25
Q

What does tryiglycerides contain?

A

One molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids attached

26
Q

Are triglycerides soluble or insoluble in H2O?

A

Insoluble due to the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains attached to the fatty acids.

27
Q

What type of bonds do triglycerides have between the glycerines and FA?

A

Ester bonds

28
Q

What is it called when triglycerides are made?

A

Estérification.

29
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

Depends on the hydrocarbon chain
- if no double bond = SATURATED
- if there is a double bond = UNSATURATED

30
Q

Where are phospholipids found in the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

31
Q

What part of phospholipids are hydrophobic and Philic?

A

Phosphate heads are hydrophilic
Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

32
Q

What does the phosphate group prevent in the bilayer?

A

Prevents the entrance of water soluble substances.

33
Q

What structure does Cholesterol have?

A

A hydrocarbon ring structure

34
Q

What is cholesterol for ?

A

To strengthen the cell membrane by interacting with the phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

What does cholesterol cause the membrane to become?

A

Less fluid, more ridged

36
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids in chains called polly peptides

37
Q

What do different amino acids have that’s different?

A

Different variable groups.

38
Q

What bond is formed between amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

39
Q

What are the structural levels of proteins

A

Primary - sequence of amino acid chain (polypeptide chain)

Secondary - the chain becomes 3D by forming H-bonds between another amino acid chain. Causes it to coil into a alpha helix it beta pleated sheet.

Tertiary structure - the coiled chain coils even more and more bonds are formed (HYPHO HYPHIL interactions, disulphide, ionic and h-bonds.

Quaternary - different amino acid chains held together by bonds eg haemoglobin

Biology (7 decks)

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