Disease and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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2
Q

How does the skin act as a defence against pathogens

A

acts as physical + chemical barrier. Skin cells release oleic acid that kills bacteria and lowers pH so difficult for pathogens to colonise.

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3
Q

skin cells sometimes secrete lysozyme, what is the purpose of this?

A

is an enzyme that can breakdown carbohydrates in cell wall of some bacteria

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4
Q

How do mucous membranes defend against pathogens

A

protect body openings exposed to environment by secreting muscus which traps pathogens + contain antimicrobial enzymes, cilia then wafts mucus to digestive system where it is digested.

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5
Q

outline process of inflammation

A

mast cells release histamine and cytokines, this attracts platelets to wound, dilation of capillaries and increased permeability of capillaries. Increases blood flow and white blood cells.

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6
Q

what is purpose of opsonins

A

bind to pathogen and ‘tag’ it, phagocytes have receptors on surface for opsnonins so increases chance of pathogen being phagocytosed.

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7
Q

How are wounds repaired to prevent pathogens entering

A

skin cells divide and migrate to edges of wound. tissue below contracts to bring edges of wound close, then repaired using collagen fibres.

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8
Q

name three plant defences

A

waxy cuticle - waterproof, prevents water collecting on leaf reduces risk waterborne infections.
callose deposition- between cell walls + plasma membranes, makes hard for pathogens to enter cells.
release of antimiocrobial chemicals eg. saponins destroy cell membrane of fungi

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9
Q

what do T helper cells release to activate B lymphocytes

A

interleukins (cytokines) - bind to receptor on B lymphocyte

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the hinge region

A

allows flexbility when antibody attaches to antigen

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11
Q

What is the name for when antibodies bind to 2 pathogens at same time clumping them together

A

agglutinating

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12
Q

does the primary response use memory cells

A

no

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13
Q

what is active immunity

A

when body makes its own antibodies and memory cells

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14
Q

what is passive immunity

A

when body is given antibodies made by different organism

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15
Q

do vaccinations provide immunisation

A

no they cause immunisation

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16
Q

what is the name for a weakened or dead pathogen

A

attenuated pathogen

17
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when a large enough population of people are vaccinated, those who are not are unlikely to catch the disease

18
Q

outline the non specific immune response

A

phagocytes recognise antigens presented on pathogen, cytoplasm of phagocyte move around pathogen (with help of opsonins). Inside pathogen held in vesicle called phagosome. lysosome fuses with phagosome breaking it down. phagocyte may present pathogens antigens on surface to alert immune system .

19
Q

outline a cell mediated response

A

T lymphocyte’s receptors bind to complimentary antigen presented by APC,
this activates T lymphocyte (clonal selection) and then undergoes clonal expansion into T helper, T killer or T regulatory cells. Some T cells become memory cells.

20
Q

outline a Humoral response

A

antibodies bind to complimentary antigens, forming antigen-antibody complexes. T helper cells secrete interleukins to help activate B lymphocytes which then undergo clonal expansion into memory cells or plasma cells.

21
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

occurs when there is a genetic mutation in a population of bacteria allowing it to resist antibiotics

22
Q

what can antibiotic resistance lead to

A

an allele for antibiotic resistance to be passed on to its offspring Eg. MRSA

23
Q

where did penicillin origionate from

A

penecillium mold (fungus)

24
Q

where did digitalis origionate from

A

foxglove

25
Q

where did aspirin origionate from

A

willow

26
Q

where did morphine origionate from

A

opium poppy