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Biology OCR A level > classification and evolution > Flashcards

classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 5 kingdoms (old)

A

prokaryote
protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

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2
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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3
Q

what are the differences between archaea and bacteria

A

archaea doesn’t have a cell wall with peptidoglycan

enzyme RNA polymerase is different

development of flagella is different

archaea has protein bound histones (similar to eukaryotes)

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4
Q

what are some similarities between archaea and bacteria

A

no nucleus - circular DNA

lack membrane bound organelles

unicellular

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5
Q

what are some similarities between archaea and eukaryotes

A

similar enzymes eg. RNA polymerase
similar DNA replication and RNA formation mechanisms
histones

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6
Q

what is phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary relationships of organisms. based on the fact that all organisms share a common ancestor. More closely related organisms will share a more recent common ancestor than more distantly related organisms.

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7
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the science of identifying, describing, and classifying organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships

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8
Q

what is classification

A

involves the identifying, naming and sorting of organisms in a process called taxonomy. Organisms are classified into groups called taxa.

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9
Q

what is a hierarchy

A

A hierarchical system is one in which larger groups contain smaller groups with no overlap between groups.

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10
Q

define species

A

group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile young

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11
Q

why do we need classification of species

A
  • universal name for species - conveniant for identifying.
  • predict characteristics
  • understand evolutionary relationships
  • keep track of. changes
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12
Q

what is the order of naming a species

A

first part of the name if the genus (captial letter at beginning)
second part of the name is the species (written in italics)

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13
Q

if species have the same genus what does this suggest

A

a close relationship

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14
Q

give 3 characteristics of bacteria

A

no membrane bound organelles
circular DNA no nucleus
unicellular

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15
Q

give 3 characteristics of protoctista

A

contain a nucleus
membrane bound organelles
most are unicellular

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16
Q

give 3 characteristics of fungi

A

chitin cell wall
contain membrane bound organelles
saprotrophic

17
Q

give 3 characteristics of plantae

A

cellulose cell wall
autotrophic
chloroplasta

18
Q

give 3 characteristics of animalia

A

heterotrophic
membrane bound organelles
nucleus

19
Q

why do different species look similar, what kind of evolution is this

A
  • similar environment therefore similar ecological niche
  • similar selection pressures
  • similar alleles will have selective advantage
  • produces similar proteins so similar characteristics.

known as convergent evolution

20
Q

how did early classification systems classify species?
why is this an issue?

A

based on observable features eg. structural or behavioural

issue as scientists dont always agree on the relative importance of different features
+ groups based on features does not tell us how related organisms are

21
Q

what molecular evidence may be investigated to classify organisms

A

analysing similarities in proteins and DNA. more closely related, more similar molecules.

compare DNA base sequences
compare amino acid sequences

22
Q

what is continuous variation

A

when individuals in a population vary within a range - no distinct categories
(controlled by many genes)

23
Q

what is discontinuous variation

A

when there are 2 or more distinct categories, each individual falls into only one of these categories, no overlap.
(controlled by a single gene)

24
Q

what was darwins contribution

A
  1. organisms produce more offspring than survive
  2. theres variation in the characteristics of members of the same species
  3. some characteristics can be passed from one generation to the next
  4. individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive
25
Q

outline darwins theory of natural selection

A
  • individuals within a population show differences in phenotypes
  • selection pressures create a struggle for survive
  • individuals better adapted are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their advantageous adaption to offspring
  • over time prop. or population possessing the advantageous adaptaition increases
  • over generations this leads to evolution as the favourable adaptation becomes more common in the population
26
Q

what evidence is there to support evolution

A

fossil records - arranging in chronological order can observe gradual changes in organisms eg. increase in size

genomic DNA - sequencing of genomes can tell us how closely related organisms are

molecular - important molecules tend to be highly conserved between organisms for example Cytochrome C (protein involved in respitation)

27
Q

what is the difference between phylogeny and classification

A

classification is simply sorting organisms into groups, phylogeny investigates evolutionary relationships between organisms

28
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations

A

behavioural - way an organism acts
physiological - processes inside the body eg. lowering rate of metabolism
anatomical/structural

29
Q

what are the differences between marsupial mammals and placental mammals

A

marsupial: short gestation period
dont develop full placenta
born early into development + climb into pouch where they continue developing

placental: longer gestation period
developed placenta
born more fully developed.

30
Q

what are some anatomical adaptations of the marsupial and placental mole

A

no external ears- more streamlined head for burrowing
scoop shaped powerful front paws for digging
specialised claws
tube shaped body - easy to push through sand and soil.

31
Q

what are some consequences of pesticide resistence

A

crop infestations harder to control
takes time and money to create and identify new pesticide.
may have to use broader pesticides which may kill. beneficial insects.

32
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

occurs when two species share a common ancestor and evolve one or more characteristics that make them different to each other

33
Q

outline the different ways of investigating whether two organisms are the same species

A
  1. fertility - breed together, if produce fertile young, they are the same species
  2. morphology - compare several individuals, if several physical features are similar, same species
  3. ecology - observe how they function in the wild, if occupy the same niche, same species
  4. genetics - comapre DNA using electrophoresis, if same banding pattern, same species.

Biology OCR A level (21 decks)

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