Disease Flashcards
Although some digestive disorders do not manifest symptoms (asymptomatic), many are associated with nausea, vomiting, bleeding, pain, and weight loss. Clinical signs, such as jaundice and edema, may indicate a____ disorder. Severe infection, drug toxicity, and changes in fluid and electrolyte balance can cause _____ abnormalities.
Hepatic
Behavioral
Disorders of the GI tract or any of the accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) may result in far-reaching metabolic or systemic problems that can eventually threaten life itself. Assessment of a suspected digestive disorder includes a thorough history and physical examination. A range of diagnostic tests can assist in identifying abnormalities of the GI tract, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
For diagnosis, treatment, and management of digestive disorders, the medical services of a specialist may be warranted. _____ is the branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases. The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorders is known as a______. Gastroenterologists do not perform ____; however, under the broad classification of surgery, they do perform such procedures as liver ____ and endoscopic examinations.
Gastroenterologist
Surgeries
Biopsies
________Disease (PUD)
An ulcer is a circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes of the body. These are one of the most common ulcer types that occur in the digestive system. They primarily develop in the stomach and ____ but may also occur to a lesser extent in the lower ____. Ulcers are named by their location in the body: esophageal ulcer, gastric ulcer, or duodenal ulcer.
Peptic ulcer
Duodenum
Esophagus
A common cause of PUD is the erosion of the protective mucous membrane caused by infection with ______ pylori bacteria. As the mucous membrane erodes, it exposes the tissue beneath to the strong acids and digestive enzymes of the stomach, and eventually, an ____ forms. Some individuals have more rapid gastric emptying, which—combined with hypersecretion of acid—creates a large amount of acid moving into the duodenum. As a result, peptic ulcers occur more commonly in the ____.
Helicobacter
Ulcer
Duodenum
Risk factors that contribute to PUD include smoking, chewing tobacco, ____, caffeine use, and such medications as steroids, ____, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Peptic ulcer development is influenced by smoking because smoking increases the harmful effects of H. pylori, alters protective mechanisms, and decreases gastric blood flow.
Treatment includes antibiotics to destroy H. pylori and antacids to reduce stomach acids and allow the ulcer to heal. If left untreated, mucosal destruction produces a hole (_____) in the wall lining, with resultant bleeding from the damaged area. At worst, the hole penetrates the entire wall, and the gastric contents leak into the ____ cavity, possibly leading to inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis).
Stress
Aspirin
Perforation
Abdominal
A_______ is a protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained. In general, though, the term is applied to protrusions of abdominal organs (viscera) through the abdominal wall.
An (1) inguinal hernia develops in the ___ where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs. In the initial stages, it may be hardly noticeable and appears as a soft lump under the skin, no larger than a marble. In the early stages, an inguinal hernia is usually reducible; that is, it can be pushed gently back into its normal place. With this type of hernia, pain may be minimal.
hernia
Groin
As time passes, the pressure of the abdomen against the weak abdominal wall may increase the size of the opening and the size of the hernia lump. If the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure, a (2) _____ hernia may develop, leading to necrosis with _____. An (3) _____ hernia is a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel. It occurs more commonly in obese women and among those who have had several pregnancies.
Strangulated
Gangrene
Umbilical
Hernias also occur in newborn infants (____) or during early childhood. If the defect has not corrected itself by age 2, the deformity can be surgically corrected. Treatment consists of surgical repair of the hernia (______) with suture of the abdominal wall (_____).
Congenital
Hernioplasty
Herniorrhaphy
Although hernias most commonly occur in the abdominal region, they may develop in the ______. Two forms of this type include (4) diaphragmatic hernia, a ____ disorder, and (5) _____ hernia, in which the lower part of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slide through an opening (_____) in the diaphragm into the thorax. With a hiatal hernia, stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and swallowing difficulty. Although many hiatal hernias are asymptomatic, if the disease continues for a prolonged period, it may cause ________ reflux disease (GERD).
Diaphragm
Congenital
Hiatal
Hiatus
Gastroesophogeal
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver. The usual causes include exposure to toxic substances, especially alcohol; obstructions in the bile ducts; _____ diseases; ____ diseases; and bacterial or viral infections. A growing public health concern is the increasing incidence of ____ hepatitis. Even though its mortality rate is low, the disease is easily transmitted and can cause significant ____ and prolonged loss of time from school or employment.
Metabolic
Autoimmune
Viral
Morbidity
Although forms of hepatitis range from hepatitis A through hepatitis E, the three most common forms are hepatitis A (_____ hepatitis), hepatitis B (_____ hepatitis), and hepatitis C. The most common cause of hepatitis A is the ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are usually transmitted by routes other than the mouth (______), such as from ____ transfusions and ____ contact.
Infectious
Serum
Parenteral
Blood
Sexual
Because of patient exposure, health-care personnel are at increased risk for contracting _____, but a vaccine that provides immunity to hepatitis B is available. There is no vaccine available for hepatitis ___. Patients with hepatitis C may remain asymptomatic for years, or the disease may produce only mild, ____ symptoms. Treatment for hepatitis includes ____ drugs; however, there is no ____. As the disease progresses, scarring of the liver may become so serious that liver transplantation is the only recourse.
Hepatitis B
C
Flulike
Antiviral
Cure
One of the major symptoms of many liver disorders, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, is a yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and ____ of the eyes (jaundice or icterus). This condition occurs because the liver is no longer able to remove ____, a yellow compound formed during the destruction of ____cytes. Jaundice may also result when the bile duct is blocked, causing ___ to enter the bloodstream.
Sclerae
Billirubin
Erythro
Bile
Diverticulosis is a condition in which small, blisterlike pockets (_____) develop in the inner lining of the ____ and may balloon through the intestinal wall. These pockets occur most commonly in the ___ colon. They usually do not cause any problem unless they become inflamed (diverticulitis). Symptoms include pain, common in the ____ quadrant) of the abdomen; extreme constipation (obstipation) or diarrhea; ____; abdominal swelling; and occasional blood in ____ _____. Treatment for mild cases of diverticulitis includes rest, _____, and changes in diet. Severe cases, however, may require _____ intervention, such as excision of the affected segment of intestine.
Diverticula
Large intestine
Sigmoid
LLQ
Fever
Bowel movements
Antibiotics
Surgical
Oncology
Although stomach cancer is rare in the United States, it is common in many parts of the world where food preservation is problematic. It is an important medical problem because of its high mortality rate. Men are more susceptible to stomach cancer than women. The neoplasm nearly always develops from the epithelial or mucosal lining of the stomach in the form of a cancerous glandular tumor also known as (gastric ________). Persistent _____ is one of the important warning signs of stomach cancer. Other types of GI carcinomas include _____ carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and pancreatic carcinomas.
Adinocarcinoma
Indigestion
Esophageal
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of intestinal cancer in the United States. It originates in the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and can occur anywhere in the large intestine. Symptoms of carcinoma of the colon depend largely on the location of the malignancy and include changes in bowel habits, passage of blood and mucus in stools, rectal or abdominal pain, ____, weight loss, obstruction, and perforation. An obstruction that develops suddenly may be the first symptom of cancer involving the colon between the _____ and the sigmoid colon. In this region, where bowel contents are liquid, a slowly developing obstruction will not become evident until the ____ is almost closed. Cancer of the sigmoid colon and rectum causes symptoms of partial obstruction with constipation alternating with diarrhea, lower abdominal cramping pain, and ____.
Anemia
Cecum
Lumen
Distention
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
_____ should not be confused with anorexia ____, which is a complex psychogenic eating disorder characterized by an all-consuming desire to remain thin.
Anorexia
Nervosa
Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection
Treatment for_____ is open or ____oscopic appendectomy. Because of the likelihood of the appendix rupturing and causing a severe, life-threatening infection, the surgeon will remove the appendix as soon as possible.
appendicitis
Lapar
____Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdome most commonly associated with ______ of the liver, especially when caused by alcoholism. Treatment includes paracentesis to remove the fluid.
Ascites
Chirosis
Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer; also called wasting syndrome
borborygmus
Cachexia
Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
When one or more gallstones are present in the common bile duct, the condition is called_______. Gallstones may or may not produce symptoms.
cholelithiasis
choledocholithiasis
Scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
most commonly caused by chronic alcoholism. It may also be caused by toxins, infectious agents, metabolic diseases, and circulatory disorders.
Cirrhosis
_____Form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ____ but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis
a chronic disease distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern. It may cause fever, cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss.
Crohn’s disease
Ileum
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea
common in underdeveloped countries and in times of disaster when sanitary living conditions, clean food, and safe water are not available.
Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
Dysentery
Flatus
