Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
The digestive system, also called the_____ (GI) system, consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract (or _____ canal) and several accessory organs whose primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste. The GI tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, varies in size and structure in several distinct regions. Food passing along the GI tract is mixed with digestive enzymes and broken down into nutrient molecules, which are absorbed in the bloodstream. Undigested waste materials not absorbed by the blood are then eliminated from the body through defecation. Included in the digestive system are the accessory organs of digestion: the liver, ____, and pancreas. The process of digestion breaks down food into nutrients to nourish the body.
-Gastrointestinal.
-alimentary
-gallbladder
An Orange-yellow pigment formed during the destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by ____ cells and eventually excreted in the feces
Elevated bilirubin in the blood produces yellowing of the skin (____). It also indicates ____ damage or disease.
-Mass of masticated food ready for swallowing
bilirubin
bĭl-ĭ-ROO-bĭn
-liver
-jaundice
-liver
bolus
BŌ-lŭs
Type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
An example of a sphincter is the lower esophageal (cardiac) _____, which constricts once food passes into the stomach
eccocrine
exo-: outside, outward
-crine: secrete
sphincter 2X
SFĬNGK-tĕr □
Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
In the blood, triglycerides combine with proteins to form ____. The ____ synthesizes lipoproteins to transport fats to other tissues, where they are a source of energy. Fat in adipose tissue is stored energy
triglycerides
trī-GLĬS-ĕr-īd
Lipoprotein
Liver
Mouth
The process of digestion begins in the mouth, also known as the ____ cavity, is a receptacle for food. It is formed by the cheeks (____), lips, teeth, tongue, and hard and soft palates. Located around the oral cavity are ___ pairs of salivary glands that secrete saliva. Saliva contains important digestive enzymes that help begin the chemical breakdown of food. In the mouth, food is broken down mechanically (by the teeth) and chemically (by saliva) and then formed into a ___.
Oral, bucca, 3
Bolus
The teeth play an important role in the initial stages of digestion by mechanically breaking down food (mastication) into smaller pieces as they mix it with saliva. Teeth are covered by a hard enamel, giving them a smooth, white appearance. Beneath the enamel is ____, the main structure of the tooth. The innermost part of the tooth is the ____, which contains nerves and blood vessels. The teeth are embedded in pink, fleshy tissue known as gums (___).
Dentin
Pulp
Gingiva
The tongue assists in the chewing process by manipulating the bolus of food during chewing and moving it to the back of the mouth for swallowing (_____). The tongue also aids in speech production and taste. Rough projections on the surface of the tongue called _____ contain taste buds. The four basic taste sensations registered by chemical stimulation of the taste buds are sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. All other taste perceptions are combinations of these four basic flavors. In addition, the sense of taste is intricately linked with the sense of smell, making taste perception very complex.
Deglutition
Papillae
Hard and Soft Palates
The two structures forming the roof of the mouth are the (4) hard palate (anterior portion) and the (5) soft palate (posterior portion). The soft palate, which forms a partition between the mouth and the ____, is continuous with the hard palate. The entire oral cavity, like the rest of the GI tract, is lined with ____ membranes.
Nasopharynx
Mucous
Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach
As the tongue pushes the bolus into the (6) pharynx (throat), it is guided by the soft, fleshy, V-shaped structure called the (7) ____. The funnel-shaped pharynx serves as a passageway to the respiratory and GI tracts and provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds. The lowest portion of the pharynx divides into two tubes: one that leads to the lungs, called the (8)____, and one that leads to the stomach, called the (9) esophagus. A small flap of cartilage called the (10)_____ folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus. At all other times, the epiglottis remains ____, allowing air to freely pass through the respiratory structures.
Uvula
trachea
epiglottis
Upright
The stomach, a saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity, serves as a food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion. The stomach extends from the (1) esophagus to the first part of the small intestine, the (2) _____. The terminal portion of the esophagus, the (3) lower esophageal (____) sphincter, is composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach. It prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus.
Duodenum
Cardiac
The (4) body of the stomach, the large central portion, together with the (5) _____, the upper portion, are mainly storage areas. Most digestion takes place in the funnel-shaped terminal portion, the (6) ____. The interior lining of the stomach is composed of mucous membranes and contains numerous macroscopic longitudinal folds called (7) ____ that gradually unfold as the stomach fills. Located within the rugae, digestive glands produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes. Secretions from these glands coupled with the mechanical churning of the stomach turn the bolus into a semiliquid form called ____ that slowly leaves the stomach through the
Fundus
Pylorus
Rugae
Chyme
Stomach contents go through the(8) ____ sphincter to enter the duodenum. This sphincter regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow. Food is propelled through the entire GI tract by coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions called _____.
Pyloric
Peristalsis
Small Intestine
The small intestine is a coiled tube approximately ___ feet long that begins at the ____ sphincter and ends at the ____ intestine.It consists of three parts:
• (1) _____, the uppermost segment, which is approximately ____ inches long
• (2)_____, which is approximately ___ feet long
• (3) ____, which is approximately ____ feet long
20
Pyloric
Large
Duodenum,10
jejunum, 8
Ileum ,12
Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of additional enzymes and secretions from the (4) pancreas and (5) ____. Nutrients in chyme are absorbed through microscopic, fingerlike projections called _____. Nutrients enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system for distribution to the rest of the body. At the terminal end of the small intestine, a sphincter muscle called the_____ valve allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body.
Liver
Villi
Eliocecal
Large Intestine
The large intestine is approximately __ feet long. It begins at the end of the ileum and extends to the anus. No digestion takes place in the large intestine. The only secretion is mucus in the colon, which lubricates fecal material so it can pass from the body. The large intestine has three main components: the ___, ____, and rectum. The first ____inches of the large intestine comprise the (6) cecum, a small pouch that hangs inferior to the ____ valve. Projecting downward from the cecum is the
5
Cecum
Colon
2-3
Ileocecal
Projecting down from the cecum is the 7)____, a small, wormlike structure with no apparent function that can become inflamed (_____) and infected when blocked. If it becomes infected and inflamed, the appendix can cause considerable pain and must be surgically removed (appendectomy). The cecum merges as it becomes the first part of the colon. The main functions of the colon are to absorb ___ and ___ and eliminate undigested material. The colon is divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and____ portions:
Appendix
Appendicitis
Water
Minerals
Sigmoid
The (8) ascending colon extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to form the (9) ____ flexure.
• The colon continues across the abdomen to the left side as the (10) transverse colon, curving beneath the lower end of the (11) spleen to form the (12) ____ flexure.
Hepatic
Splenic
As the transverse colon turns downward, it becomes the (13) descending colon.
• The descending colon continues until it forms the (14) ____ colon and the (15) rectum. The ____, the last part of the GI tract, terminates at the (16) anus.
Sigmoid
Rectum
Accessory Organs of Digestion
Although the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas lie outside the GI tract, they play a vital role in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Ok
The (1) liver, the largest glandular organ in the body, weighs approximately ____ pounds. It is located beneath the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) and the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominal cavity. The liver performs many vital functions, and ____ occurs if it ceases to function. Some of its important functions include the following: Producing ____, which aids in the digestion of fat
• Removing ___ (sugar) from the blood to synthesize glycogen (starch) and retain it for later use
• Storing vitamins, such as ___, A, D, E, and K
3-4
Death
Bile
Glucose
B12
Liver functions continued : Destroying or transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds
• Maintaining normal glucose levels in the blood
• Destroying ___ erythrocytes and releasing ____
• Synthesizing proteins that circulate in the blood, such as albumin for ___ balance and prothrombin and fibrinogen for ____ (blood clotting)
Old
Bilirubin
Fluid
Coagulation
The (2) pancreas is an elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach. It performs endocrine and exocrine functions. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes insulin directly into ____ to maintain normal blood glucose levels. As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces ____ enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the (3) ____ duct. This duct extends along the pancreas and, together with the (4) ____ duct from the liver, enters the (5) duodenum. The pancreas produces enzymes, such as trypsin, which digests ____; amylase, which digests ____; and lipase, which digests ____. These pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
The bloodstream
Digestive
Pancreatic
Hepatic
Protein
Starch
Triglycerides
The (6) gallbladder, a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver, serves as a storage area for ___, which is produced by the liver. When bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder releases it into the duodenum through the (7) ____ bile duct. Bile is also drained from the ____ through the (8) right hepatic duct and the (9) left hepatic duct. These two structures eventually form the ____ duct. The (10) _____ duct of the gallbladder merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum. Bile production is stimulated by hormone secretions, which are produced in the _____ as soon as food enters the small intestine. Without bile, fat digestion is not possible.
Bile
Common
Liver
Hepatic
Cystic
Duodenim
The main function of the digestive system is to provide vital nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of all organs and body cells. Specific functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems are discussed here.
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
• The liver regulates blood glucose levels.
• The digestive tract secretes acids and enzymes to provide a hostile environment for pathogens.
• The intestinal walls contain ____ nodules that help prevent the invasion of pathogens.
• The digestive system absorbs vitamin ___, which is necessary for blood clotting.
Cardiovascular
• The digestive system absorbs nutrients needed by the heart.
Lymphoid
K
