Diagnostic, Surgical, Therapeutic Flashcards
Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors
An endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy), the endoscope is inserted through the ___ or mouth. In endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy) and sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), the endoscope is inserted through the rectum.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy
Nose
Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus—hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV)—that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens
Hepatitis panel
Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract
LFTs evaluate liver enzymes, bilirubin, and proteins produced by the liver.
Liver function tests LFTs
Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood
Elevated serum bilirubin indicates excessive destruction of _____, liver disease, or biliary tract ______.
Serum billirubin
Erythrocytes
Obstruction
_______Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection
Feces are examined microscopically after being placed in a growth medium.
_______is the Test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) ____ in the feces; also called Hemoccult (trade name of a modified guaiac test)
test helps detect ______and bleeding associated with digestive disorders.
Stool culture
Stool guaiac
Blood
colon cancer
Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
, a computer generates a detailed cross-sectional image that appears as a slice.) In the digestive system, these scans aid in visualizing the gallbladder, bowel, liver, bile ducts, and pancreas. They also aid in the diagnosis of tumors, cysts, inflammation, abscesses, perforation, bleeding, and obstruction
Computed tomography
Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum; also called lower GI series or barium enema
Barium is retained in the lower GI tract during fluoroscopic and radiographic studies. It helps diagnose obstructions, tumors, and other abnormalities of the colon
lower gastrointestinal series
Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
OCG evaluates gallbladder function and identifies the presence of disease or gallstones.
oral cholecystography
chol/e: bile, gall
cyst/o: bladder
-graphy: process of recording
Technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct
MRCP requires no contrast medium. It can help determine whether gallstones are lodged in any of the ducts surrounding the gallbladder. It may also detect tumors, inflammation, infection, or pancreatitis.
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP
cholangi/o:
bile vessel
pancreat/o:
pancreas
-graphy: process of recording
Test in which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
US is a noninvasive procedure that does not require a contrast medium. It helps detect diseases and abnormalities in the digestive organs, such as the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas. It also helps locate abdominal masses outside the digestive organs.
ultrasonography (US)
ŭl-tră-sŏn-ŎG-ră-fē
ultra-: excess, beyond
son/o: sound
-graphy: process of recording
Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder
An abdominal US helps diagnose and locate cysts, tumors, and malformations; document the progression of various diseases; and guide the insertion of instruments during surgical procedures.
abdominal (imaging)
ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl
abdomin: abdomen
-al: pertaining to
Combination of endoscopy and ultrasound that examines and obtains images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissues and organs
In endoscopic US, a long, flexible tube (endoscope) inserted via the mouth or rectum emits high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that produce images of the organs and structures.
endoscopic
ĕn-dō-SKŎP-ĭk
endo: in; within
scop: to view
-ic: pertaining to
Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow
UGIS is most commonly used with patients who are experiencing difficulty swallowing. It also helps identify ulcers, tumors, or an obstruction in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.
upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)
- Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
-anastomosis
ă-năs-tō-MŌ-sĭs
ileorectal
ĭl-ē-ō-RĔK-tăl
ile/o: ileum
rect: rectum
-al: pertaining to
Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure
Appendectomy usually occurs within 24–48 hours of the first symptoms. Delay in treatment may result in rupture of the appendix, causing peritonitis as fecal matter enters the peritoneal cavity. (
Intestinal
(Surgery)
Appendectomy
Excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
Minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor this surgery may slightly reduce recovery time. However, the procedure takes longer and has additional risks associated with inflating the abdomen with gas (pneumoperitoneum).
Open
laparoscopic
Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems
bariatric surgery
Bariatric surgery that involves vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
vertical banded gastroplasty
GĂS-trō-plăs-tē
Bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats; also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy RGB can be performed laparoscopically or as an open procedure (laparotomy), depending on the health of the patient. RGB is currently the most commonly performed weight-loss surgery.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening (stoma) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place which diverts fecal flow to a bag and provides a new path for waste material to leave the body. (Se
Colostomy
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
In ESWL, ultrasound helps locate the stones and monitor their destruction. (
lithotripsy
LĬTH-ō-trĭp-sē
lith/o: stone, calculus
-tripsy: crushing
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
Procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a long, thin needle inserted through the belly; also called abdominocentesis
The fluid is sent to a laboratory for analysis to find the cause of the fluid accumulation may also relieve belly pressure or pain in patients with cancer, cirrhosis, or ascites.
paracentesis
Excision of a polyp
When polyps are discovered during sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, they are excised for microscopic tissue examination to detect abnormal or cancerous cells.
polypectomy
pŏl-ĭ-PĔK-tō-mē
polyp: small growth
-ectomy: excision, removal
Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
nasogastric intubation
nā-zō-GĂS-trĭkĭn-tū-BĀ-shŭn
nas/o: nose
gastr: stomach
-ic: pertaining to
