Disease

Question 1

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 1

• Mice injected with specific antigen to produce specific antibodies
• Mouse lymphocytes are extracted
• This is combined with a tumour cell
• A hybridoma cell is formed
• This is cloned
• Monoclonal antibodies are collected and purified

Question 2

How do malignant cancers spread?

Answer 2

By travelling through the bloodstream and forming secondary tumours

Question 3

Name 2 uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 3

Pregnancy tests and locating blood clots or hormones

Question 4

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

Answer 4

Because viruses live inside body cells

Question 5

Describe how white blood cells counter pathogens

Answer 5

• Phagocytosis
• Produce antibodies to kill bacteria
• Produce antitoxins to counteract poisons produced by bacteria

Question 6

Why do we feel ill when infected with bacteria?

Answer 6

Bacteria may produce toxins that damage tissues

Question 7

Why do we feel ill when infected with viruses?

Answer 7

They damage cells

Question 8

Is measles a bacteria or virus?

Answer 8

Virus

Question 9

How is AIDS caused?

Answer 9

When the immune system becomes so badly damaged from HIV it can no longer deal with infections

Question 10

How is HIV spread?

Answer 10

Bodily fluids (e.g. sharing needles)

Question 11

What is TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)?

Answer 11

A virus that affects plants and causes chlorosis, which causes stunted growth due to reduced photosynthesis

Question 12

What is rose black spot?

Answer 12

A fungal disease, treated by fungicides or cutting off infected areas of plant

Question 13

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 13

Protists

Question 14

Describe four non-specific defences against pathogens in humans

Answer 14

• Skin (barrier, blood clots)
• Nose (hair, mucus)
• Trachea/bronchi (mucus, cilia to waft mucus to throat to be swallowed)
• Stomach (acid)

Question 15

How does vaccination prevent illness?

Answer 15

• Dead/inactive pathogen injected
• W.B.Cs produce antibodies
• If the same pathogen enters the body, memory cells can produce the correct antibodies faster, preventing infection

Question 16

Where is digitalis from and used for?

Answer 16

Foxgloves - used to strengthen heartbeat

Question 17

Where is aspirin from and used for?

Answer 17

Willow - used for painkillers/anti-inflammatory

Question 18

What are new drugs tested for?

Answer 18

• Efficacy
• Dosage
• Toxicity

Question 19

What happens during preclinical trials?

Answer 19

Laboratory tests on cells, tissues, and live animals.

Question 20

What happens during clinical trials?

Answer 20

Tested on healthy volunteers and sick patients, first with low doses, then if it works the dosage is increased

Question 21

What are double-blind trials?

Answer 21

When both doctors and patients do not know who has been given placebos

Question 22

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 22

A cell that produces antibodies but cannot divide

Question 23

What is a tumour cell?

Answer 23

A cell that divides, but cannot produce antibodies

Question 24

What is a hybridoma cell?

Answer 24

A cell that divides and produces antibodies

Question 25

What happens to a plant deficient in nitrates?

Answer 25

Stunted growth

Question 26

What happens to a plant deficient in magnesium?

Answer 26

Chlorosis

Question 27

What are nitrate ions used for?

Answer 27

Protein synthesis, which causes growth

Question 28

What are magnesium ions used for?

Answer 28

Making chlorophyll

Question 29

Describe 3 types of defences in plants

Answer 29

- Physical - Chemical - Mechanical

Question 30

Name a physical plant defence

Answer 30

- Cellulose cell walls - Tough waxy cuticle on leaves - Dead cells (bark)

Question 31

Name a chemical plant defence

Answer 31

- Antibacterial chemicals - Poisons

Question 32

Name a mechanical plant defence

Answer 32

- Thorns - Leaves that droop when touched

Question 33

What is the equation for calculating bacterial division?

Answer 33

Bacteria at end of growth period = bacteria at the start x 2^number of divisions

Question 34

How do malaria protists infect a human?

Answer 34

- Infected mosquito bites human - Parasite plasmodium goes to liver - Parasite enters, reproduces, and bursts out of liver cells - Gets into bloodstream and continues reproducing - Infected R.B.Cs burst, infecting others - Removes capacity for carrying oxygen

Question 35

How can doctors help reduce antibiotic resistance?

Answer 35

- Only prescribing antibiotics if they have to - Ensuring patients complete their course of antibiotics

Question 36

What type of drug is used to treat HIV?

Answer 36

Antiviral drugs

Question 37

Describe the appearance of a plant with TMV

Answer 37

Mosaic pattern on leaves, discolouration

Question 38

Why are poultry vaccinated against salmonella?

Answer 38

To reduce spread of salmonella among poultry and to humans through eating them

Question 39

Describe how the skin defends against pathogens

Answer 39

Acts as a barrier Secretes antimicrobial chemicals

Question 40

Describe how the nose defends against pathogens

Answer 40

Hair and mucus trap pathogens

Question 41

Why are double blind trials carried out?

Answer 41

To allow for the placebo effect

Question 42

Why is peer review important?

Answer 42

To check the work is valid

Question 43

Why should the peer reviewers have no connection to the original trial people?

Answer 43

To eliminate bias

Question 44

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 44

Lots of clones of a single white blood cell, so they are identical and all target the same protein antigen