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Biology Module 4 > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define a pathogen

A

Disease causing organism

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2
Q

What is a host?

A

Organism that is infected by a pathogen

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3
Q

What does the enzyme integrase do?

A

Catalyses reactions

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4
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down large proteins

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5
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

Turns RNA into DNA by reverse transcription

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6
Q

How do viruses infected cells?

A

By integrating theor viral genome into host cells genome causing cells to make extra copies which bursts the cell

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7
Q

Why are new flu vaccines given each year?

A

Flu creates new variants which the vaccine would otherwise be ineffective to

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8
Q

What is TMV?

A

Virus which causes light green leaves and low crop

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9
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

How does TB effect cells?

A

Water droplets carrying disease release toxins from bacteria that damage the history cell

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11
Q

What is cholera caused by?

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

What is HIV caused by?

A

Virus

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13
Q

What is hypha?

A

Long branching structures of fungus containing one or more cells surrounded by tubular cell wall they also help make up mycelium

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14
Q

Hiw is cholera spread?

A

Through dirty water and poor sanitation

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15
Q

What is bacria cell walls made of?

A

Murein

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16
Q

What is black sigatoa caused by?

A

Fungal infection in plants

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17
Q

What plants are at risk of getting black sigatoa?

A

Bananas and plants in hot climates

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18
Q

What is ring rot caused by?

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

What is a sign of ring rot in a plant?

A

Ring of decay

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20
Q

What is potato blight caused by?

A

Protist

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21
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Spread of a pathogen from 1 host to another

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22
Q

What is a droplet infection?

A

Droplets of a pathogen cause infection

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23
Q

What is athletes foot caused by?

A

Fungi

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24
Q

What is meningitis caused by?

A

Bacteria

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25
Q

Name some physical barriers, plant defenses

A

Waxy cuticle
Bark on trees
Cellulose cell wall

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26
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Beta glucose

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27
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

28
Q

How do plants respond to attacks from pathogens?

A

Actively and rapidly

29
Q

Explain how callose is a physical barrier to plant pathogens

A

Callose is made of beta glucose and goes between the cell wall and cell membrane of infected cell. It contains lignin to strengthen its physical barrier.

Callose can also blocks sieve cells and plasmodesmata

30
Q

Name some chemical defences plants have against pathogens

A

Antifungal
Insecticides

31
Q

Outline how an antifungal works in control of the spread of a plant pathogen

A

Chitinase breaks down chitin in cell walls of fungi which weakens the disease

32
Q

Outline the process from thromboplaston to thrombin

A

Thromboplastin turns to prothrombin and calcium ions convert that into thrombin

33
Q

What is the effect of thrombin on fibrinogen?

A

Soluble fibrinogen turns to o soluble fibrin which attach to platelets to form a clot

34
Q

Describe the inflammatory response caused by histamine

A

Histamine is released which increases the permeability of the capillaries allowing proteins and white blood cells to move out and into site of infection. An increase in tissue fluid causes swelling and the excess fluid is moved into the lymphatic system where lymphocytes attach to the antigen to trigger a specific immune response

35
Q

Outline how mucus membranes protect against disease.

A

Mucus membranes trap pathogens. When the mucus is swallowed the extreme PH of hydrochloric acid causes the enzymes to denature and die

36
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is the alveoli covered in?

A

Squamous epithelial

37
Q

What happens to the lumen in blood vessels when infected by a pathogen?

A

Widen increasing blood flow

38
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Proteins which attach to antigens enhancing an immune response

39
Q

Outline phagocytosis

A
  1. Opsonin binds to antigen
  2. Neutrophil then binds and engulfs pathogen
  3. Phagosome then forms
  4. Lysosome fuse and release hydrolytic enzymes
  5. enzymes digest pathogen
40
Q

What is APC and give an example?

A

Antigen presenting cell eg. Macrophage

41
Q

Outline T lymphocyte responses

A

T lymphocytes mice from bone marrow to thymus where they differentiate

42
Q

What happens when receptors on cytotoxic T killer cells are complementary to antigen?

A

Toxins are released resulting in apoptosis

43
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

When the correct naive b cell is selected

44
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

Mitosis crates identical copies of b cells

45
Q

What do b cells differentiate into?

A

B memory cells
B plasma cells

46
Q

What is the variable region on an antibody?

A

Complementary to pathogen

47
Q

What are the 2 regions on an antibody?

A

Variable and constant

48
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When pathogens become clumped together on 2 binding sites

49
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

Soluble globular proteins with more than 1 amino acid chains

50
Q

Define auto immunity

A

Immune response of an organism against its own healthy cells

51
Q

Define an auto antibody

A

Antibody produced by immune system that is directed to the individuals own proteins

52
Q

Name an example of an auto immune disease

53
Q

Define active immunity

A

When naive b cells turn into memory cells and plasma cells to produce antibodies in body

54
Q

Define natural active immunity

A

Antibodies are produced after you come into contact with pathogen in everyday life

55
Q

Define artificial active immunity

A

Medical intervention produces antibodies eg. Vaccines

56
Q

Define herd immunity

A

Large percentage of population is vaccinated

57
Q

What type of immunity are vaccinations?

A

Active or passive

58
Q

Define artificial passive immunity

A

Vaccines containing antibodies

59
Q

Give an example of natural passive immunity

A

Mother passing on antibodies to baby via breast milk

60
Q

What is penicillin and where was it found?

A

Antibiotics from mould

61
Q

What is asprin and where is it found?

A

Painkiller from willow trees

62
Q

Define pharmacogenetics

A

Personalised medication using human genomes

63
Q

Define bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria

64
Q

Define bacteriostatic

A

Slows growth and reproduction of bacteria

65
Q

What is antibiotic resistance caused by?

A

Gene mutation

Biology Module 4 (3 decks)

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