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DISEASE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen definition.

A
  • Microorganisms that cause disease.
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2
Q

Pathogen examples.

A
  • Virus, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi.
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3
Q

Communicable disease definition.

A
  • Disease that is transmitted from one host to another.
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4
Q

Direct transmission.

A
  • Contact of skin, bodily fluids, inoculation, ingestion.
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5
Q

Indirect transmission.

A
  • Air, food, water, inanimate objects, other organisms (vectors).
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6
Q

Plant defences (Physical).

A
  • Callose= Harder for pathogens to enter cells.
  • Cellulose cell walls= Barrier against pathogens.
  • Waxy cuticle= Barrier + stops water collecting on leaves.
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7
Q

Plant defences (Chemical).

A
  • Saponins= Destroy cell membranes of other pathogens.
  • Insect toxins= Reduces insect feeding.
  • Phytoalexins= Inhibit growth of fungi + pathogens.
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8
Q

Ring rot.

A
  • Plant disease, Bacteria, affects potatoes/ aubergines/ tomatoes, Damages fruits/ leaves/ tubers, control by sanitising equipment.
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9
Q

TMV.

A
  • Plant, virus, Tobacco plants, Black spots/ damages fruits and leaves/ stunted growth, Remove infected leaves, separate infected plants, sterilise equipment.
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10
Q

Potato blight

A
  • Plant, Protist, Potato, Brown spots and dead patches, chemical treatments, good ventilation and early harvest.
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11
Q

Black sigatoka.

A
  • Plant, Fungi, bananas, attacks leaves, fungicides.
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12
Q

Tb.

A
  • Animal, Bacteria, humans/ cows/ pigs/badgers/deer, coughing/ fever/ weight loss, Bacteria infects phagocytes in the lungs, antibiotics.
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13
Q

Bacterial meningitis.

A
  • Animal, Bacteria, humans, rash/ stiff neck/ fever, bacterial infection, antibiotics.
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14
Q

HIV/ AIDS.

A
  • Animals, Virus, humans, fevers/ tiredness/ headaches, bodily fluids/ sexual contact, antiretroviral therapy.
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15
Q

Influenza.

A
  • Animal, Virus, fever/ headache/ coughing, viral infection kills ciliated epithelial cells, vaccinations.
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16
Q

Malaria.

A
  • Animal, Protist, humans, fever/ headache/ nausea/ vomiting, vectors, medicines.
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17
Q

Ring worm.

A
  • Animal, fungi, humans, rash/ itchy skin/ hair loss, skin contact, anti fungi.
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18
Q

Primary defences.

A
  • Prevent entry of pathogens.
  • Skin, mucous membranes, blood clotting and wound repair, expulsive refluxes, inflammation.
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19
Q

Skin.

A
  • Prevent entry of pathogens.
  • Physical barrier.
  • Oily substance (sebum) inhibits growth of pathogens.
  • Healthy microbes live on the skin+ out compete pathogens.
  • Salt is left behind after sweat + lowers pH- prevents microbes reproducing.
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20
Q

Mucous membranes.

A
  • Mucus contains phagocytes.
  • Lines body tracs.
  • Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus.
    Traps microbes + contains lysosomes which destroy microbial cell walls.
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21
Q

Blood clotting and wound repair.

A
  • Platelet cells adhere to collagen in the skin or the wall of the damaged vessel.
  • Triggers secretion of thromboplastin + serotonin.
22
Q

Expulsive refluxes.

A
  • Coughs, sneezes removes mucus + trapped pathogens from airways..
  • Vomit + diarrhoea removes pathogens from the gut.
23
Q

Inflammation.

A
  • Increases blood flow to area (vasodilation of arterioles), increases neutrophils and phagocytes in area, more tissue fluid from increased blood flow, isolates pathogens.
24
Q

Phagocytosis.

A
  • Phagocyte recognises antigens of a pathogen.
  • Cytoplasm of phagocyte moves around pathogen + engulfs. Can be made easier by the presence of opsonin.
  • Pathogen is contained in a phagosome (vessel containing pathogen) in cytoplasm of phagocyte.
    -Lysosome fuses with the phagosome (phagolysosome) + lysosome enzyme breaks down pathogen.
  • Antigens from pathogen are presented at plasma membrane (Antigen presenting cell- APC).
    -Phagocyte produces cytokines (cell-signalling molecule) which triggers other cells of immune system.
25
Q

Opsonin.

A
  • Before phagocytosis.
  • Opsonin attaches to pathogen.
  • Phagocyte has complimentary receptors which aid recognition of pathogen.
26
Q

Cytokines.

A
  • Produced by phagocytes that have engulfed a pathogen.
  • Cell-signalling molecules.
  • Inform other phagocytes that the body is under attack, stimulating them to travel to the site of infection or inflammation.
  • Increase body temp + stimulate specific response.
27
Q

Ways antibodies kill pathogens.

A
  • Agglutination, neutralisation of toxins, preventing pathogens from binding to human cells.
28
Q

Agglutination.

A
  • Lots of pathogens engulfed at once.
  • Phagocyte binds to constant region of antibody (agglutinin).
  • Clump together.
29
Q

Neutralisation of toxins.

A
  • Antibody (antitoxin) has complementary shape to toxin + binds.
  • Phagocyte binds to constant region of antibody.
  • Lots of toxins engulfed at once
30
Q

Antibodies prevent pathogens from binging to human cells.

A
  • Surface receptors usually complementary to antigens on pathogen + virus can invade the cell.
  • Antibodies attach to pathogen + antigen can’t bind to receptors- virus can’t enter.
31
Q

Antibody definition.

A
  • A protein produced in response to the presence of an antigen.
  • Complementary shape to antigen.
  • 4 polypeptide chains.
32
Q

Antigen definition.

A
  • A foreign molecule that triggers an immune response.
  • Surface of pathogen.
  • Specific shape.
33
Q

Antibody variable region.

A
  • Different in every antibody due to different amino acid sequence.
34
Q

Antibody constant region.

A
  • Same in all antibodies, allows binding to receptors on phagocytes.
35
Q

Antibody hinge.

A
  • Allows flexibility + to attach to more than one antigen.
36
Q

Disulphide bridge.

A
  • Holds polypeptide chains together.
37
Q

Antigen binding site.

A
  • Specific shape for each antibody.
  • Complementary shape to antigen.
38
Q

Specific immune system- Activation of T-lymphocytes.

A
  • Each T lymphocyte has different receptors on their surface + complementary to antigens.
  • Clonal selection = Specific T lymph binds to complementary antigens.
  • Antigens can be presented by: Infected cells present on surface + macrophages (cut up pathogens to display more antigens).
  • Clonal expansion = Complementary T lymph divided by mitosis + produces clones.
  • Differentiation = Differentiates into: T helper/ killer/ memory/ regulatory.
39
Q

T killer cells.

A
  • Kill infected body cells.
40
Q

T regulatory cells.

A
  • Supress immune system and help prevent autoimmune response.
41
Q

T helper cells.

A
  • Release interleukins (type of cytokine) which stimulates activation of B lymph.
  • Example of cell signalling.
42
Q

T/ B memory cells.

A
  • Stay in the blood.
  • When infected with same pathogen, clonal expansion happen very quickly before you get ill.
43
Q

Activation of B lymphocytes.

A
  • Interleukins from T helper cells bind to receptors on membrane of the B lymph and activate it.
  • Clonal selection.
  • Clonal expansion.
  • Differentiation.
44
Q

B plasma cells.

A
  • Produce antibodies.
45
Q

B effector cells.

A
  • Divide to perform plasma clone cells.
46
Q

Types of immunity.

A
  • Natural= pathogen enters naturally.
  • Artificial= Vaccination, injection etc.
  • Active= Body produces antibodies.
  • Passive= Antibodies put into body.
47
Q

Autoimmune disease.

A
  • Organism sees own cells antigens as foreign and launches immune response against own tissues.
48
Q

Type 1 diabetes.

A
  • Affects pancreas.
  • Thirsty, urinating, fatigue, weight loss.
  • No treatment, insulin injections, transplant + immunosuppressants.
49
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis.

A
  • Hands, feet, wrists.
  • Swollen, stiff + painful joints.
  • Medication relieves symptoms and slows down progress, surgery, immunosuppressants.
50
Q

Lupus.

A
  • Skin, joints, organs.
  • Fatigue, rashes, joint pain.
  • No cure, Medications , immunosuppressants.
51
Q
A

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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