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BIOLOGY > CELL DIVISION > Flashcards

CELL DIVISION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interphase.

A

G1- Produces proteins and replicates organelles.
S- DNA synthesised and proof reading enzymes check for mutations.
G2- Growth.

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2
Q

MITOSIS- Prophase.

A
  • Chromatin fibres shorten and condense into chromosomes.
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle fibres attach to centromeres.
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3
Q

Metaphase.

A
  • Spindle fibres move chromosomes to equator of cell (Metaphase plate).
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4
Q

Anaphase.

A
  • Spindle fibres contract and pull chromatids by their centromeres to the opposite poles.
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5
Q

Telophase.

A
  • Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes uncoil.
  • 2 Diploid cells formed.
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6
Q

Cytokinesis - Plants.

A
  • No cleavage furrow formed (Cell wall).
  • Vesicles from Golgi apparatus form at equator.
  • Vesicles fuse with each other and the cell membrane which splits the cell.
  • Cell wall forms.
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7
Q

Cytokinesis - Animals.

A
  • Cleavage furrow forms in middle of the cell.
  • Cell surface membrane pulled towards middle by cytoskeleton till it fuses together creating 2 cells.
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8
Q

Functions of mitosis.

A
  • Growth.
  • Repair.
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9
Q

MEIOSIS - 1.

A

P- Chromosomes shorten and thicken, Spindle fibres form, Crossing over, Homologous chromosomes form bivalents.
M- Bivalents line up across equator.
A- Chromosomes pulled to opposite poles.
T- 2 nuclear envelopes form.

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10
Q

MEIOSIS - 2.

A

P- Spindle fibres form, Centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles.
M- Chromosomes line up along equator.
A- Chromatids pulled to opposite poles.
T- 4 nuclear envelopes form, 4 non-identical daughter cells formed, 4 haploid cells.

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11
Q

Increasing variation in meiosis.

A
  • Crossing over of bivalents.
  • Random alignment / independent assortment of bivalents and chromosomes.
  • DNA mutations.
  • Random fertilisation.
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12
Q

Crossing over.

A
  • During Prophase 1 of meiosis.
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up.
  • Chromatids cross over forming a chiasmata.
  • Swaps alleles between chromosomes to produce different combinations.
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13
Q

Random alignment / independent assortment of bivalents.

A
  • During Metaphase 1, pairs of homologous line up along the equator.
  • It is completely random where the maternal and paternal chromosome lines up.
  • Ends in a random chromosomes in the daughter cell.
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14
Q

Levels of organisation.

A
  • Cells (Erythrocytes, neutrophils, and palisade cells), Tissues (Epithelium, cartilage, and xylem tissue), Organs (Stomach, pancreas, and leaf), Organ systems (Cardiovascular system, digestive system, and root system).
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15
Q

Animal tissues.

A
  • Squamous epithelium.
  • Ciliated epithelium.
  • Cartilage.
  • Muscle.
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16
Q

Squamous epithelium.

A
  • Thin lining for many organs such as the lungs.
  • One cell thick.
  • Gases can diffuse quickly.
17
Q

Ciliated epithelium.

A
  • Cilia - Sweeps mucus containing pathogens away.
  • Goblet cells secrete mucus.
18
Q

Cartilage.

A
  • Connective tissue between bones.
  • Provides support for organs such as ears + nose.
  • Made up of chondrocyte cells + extracellular matrix.
19
Q

Muscle.

A
  • Made up of bundles of elongated cells (muscle fibres).
  • Contract + relax.
  • 3 types =
    1. Smooth = In walls of organs.
    2. Cardiac = Found in the heart.
    3. Skeletal = Found attached to bones.
20
Q

Plant tissues.

A
  • Xylem.
  • Phloem.
21
Q

Xylem.

A
  • Movement of water + ions within plants.
  • Hollow tube (no cytoplasm, organelles, end walls) - forms a continuous column for water to flow through.
  • Strengthened and waterproof by ligninified walls.
  • Non-lignified pits for water to move out into plant.
22
Q

Phloem.

A
  • Transport of sugars and amino acids within plants.
  • Columns of sieve tube elements and companion cells.
  • STE separated by Sieve plates with holes so sugars can pass through.
  • Very few organelles so sugars can pass through easily.
  • Companion cells contain many mitochondria to release energy.
23
Q

Specialised cells.

A
  • Stem cell that has differentiated.
  • Have features that enable them to carry out specific functions.
24
Q

Specialised animal cell examples.

A
  • Erythrocytes.
  • Neutrophils.
  • Sperm cells.
  • Squamous epithelial cells.
  • Ciliated epithelial cells.
25
Q
A

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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