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Biology > Disease 1 > Flashcards

Disease 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microbes that cause disease

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2
Q

What different types of pathogens are there?

A

Bacteria (no nucleus)
Viruses (not considered as living organisms)
Fungi
Protists (unicellular animals)

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3
Q

What is the life cycle of a pathogen?

A
  1. Infect a host
  2. Reproduce themselves/replicate
  3. Spread from their host
  4. Infect other organisms
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4
Q

What are diseases caused by pathogens called?

A

Communicable diseases (means they can be transferred from one person to another)

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5
Q

What features does a bacteria have?

A 
Pili
Cytoplasm
Flagella
Murein cell wall
DNA (plasmid)
Cell membrane
(I would include a picture but physically can't)
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6
Q

What features does a virus have?

A

Protein coat

DNA

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7
Q

How do viruses cause illness?

A

They invade host cells and use them to make new virus particles.
Once the new viruses are made, they cause the cells to burst.
The cell damage makes us feel ill.

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8
Q

How do bacteria cause illness?

A

Bacteria can either cause damage to cells directly or by releasing toxins
The toxins released by bacteria can damage cells and tissues, making us feel ill

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9
Q

How do fungi cause illness?

A

Fungi have a body made up of hyphae (thread-like structures) which are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants.
The hyphae produce spores that can spread to other plants and animals.

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10
Q

How do protists cause illness?

A

They are parasites. They cause damage by damaging our tissues.

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11
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted?

A 
Direct contact e.g. touch, body fluids
Aerosol infection e.g. sneezing
Water 
Insects e.g. biting one human with a disease then biting another, passing it on to them
Contaminated food e.g. food poisoning
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12
Q

Which microbe causes chlamidia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (bacteria)

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13
Q

Which microbe causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium (protist)

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14
Q

What is the first line of defence in the body called and why?

A

Non-specific barriers as they are general defences, and are not specific to fight against certain types of pathogen

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15
Q

What body defences are there on your head?

A

Ear - Cerumen inhibits bacterial growth
Eyes - Cleansed by tears which also contain a chemical inhibiting bacterial growth
Mouth cavity - Mucus membrane traps microorganisms and the mouth is cleaned by saliva
Nasal cavity - Hairs and mucus trap microorganisms

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16
Q

What bodily defences are present around the groin area?

A

Urethra - Urine flow prevents bacterial growth
Vagina - Acidic secretion inhibits growth of pathogens
Anus - Mucous membrane traps microorganisms

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17
Q

How does skin act as a body defence?

A

It acts as an impervious barrier and if it is cut or grazed it immediately begins to heal itself by forming a scab

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18
Q

How does the nose act as a body defense?

A

Cells in the nose produce mucus which traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs. When the nose is blown, the mucus and any trapped pathogens are removed

19
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi act as body defences?

A

The trachea runs from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. Ciliated cells that line the trachea have hairs called cilia which move mucus and pathogens upwards towards the throat where they are swallowed into your stomach
Other cells called goblet cells create mucus to trap pathogens

20
Q

How does the stomach act as a body defence?

A

Stomach acid contains hydrochloric acid which is strong enough to kill any pathogens that have been caught in mucus in the airways or consumed in food and water

21
Q

What happens if pathogens pass the non-specific first line of defence?

A

They will cause an infection

22
Q

What is the purpose of the second line of defence?

A

To stop or minimise an infection

23
Q

What does the second line of defense (immune system) mainly consist of?

A

Two types of white blood cell:
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

24
Q

How do phagocytes work?

A

Phagocytes are attracted to pathogens in the blood and bind to them. The phagocyte’s membrane surrounds the pathogen in order to digest and destroy it.

25
Q

Are phagocytes specific or non-specific?

A

Non-specific, as they do the same thing to all pathogens they encounter

26
Q

How do lymphocytes work?

A

They recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called antigens. Lymphocytes detect that these are foreign (not naturally occurring in the body) and produce antibodies.
This can take a few days, during which time you may feel ill.
The antibodies inactivate pathogens and cause them to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.

27
Q

Are lymphocytes specific or non-specific?

A

Specific, as lymphocytes produce highly specific antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by antigens.
Antibodies produced by lymphocytes are also highly specific.

28
Q

How is immunity developed?

A

If lymphocytes recognise a particular antigen, they can clone themselves to make enough antibodies to destroy the pathogen.
Memory cells are created which remain in the bloodstream and produce a quick response if the antigen is encountered again.
You are then said to be IMMUNE

29
Q

How can you get immunity against a disease?

A
  1. By fighting it off

2. In case of a disease that may be fatal on first infection: vaccination

30
Q

Why can’t you develop lasting immunity to the flu?

A

The flu virus mutates rapidly, and new strains have different antigens.
Therefore, different antibodies are needed and memory cells do not recognise the new antigens

31
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

This happens when the skin is broken and a pathogen enters.
Blood flow will increase to the area bringing white blood cells which will leak out into the surrounding tissue causing swelling.
Phagocytes will engulf the pathogen and platelets in the blood will seal the wound to prevent further infection.

32
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

Antitoxins - Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

Antibodies - Protein molecules that inactivate pathogens and cause them to stick together

33
Q

How do memory cells act when they recognise an antigen?

A

They will rapidly produce lots of the antibody to destroy it and the pathogen will be fought off much faster than the first time it was encountered

34
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

They have a complementary shape to the antigen and lock onto them
They are specialised and so will not lock onto anything else

35
Q

In what way is the secondary immune response different to the primary immune response?

A

Response is FASTER and LARGER because the memory cells know the right antibody to produce and can produce it in large quantities

36
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Mosquitoes which carry the Plasmodium protist
They suck blood containing the protist from an infected person and pass it on to others when they suck their blood
They are called VECTORS because they transmit the disease without becoming ill themselves

37
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

38
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

By body fluids during unprotected sex or though cuts and injecting drugs using shared needles

39
Q

How is AIDS caused from HIV?

A

When the HIV virus enters the lymph nodes it attacks the immune system, causing:
- Decreased number of lymphocytes
- Reduced ability to make antibodies
The immune system is damaged so badly it cannot deal with infections it encounters

40
Q

How can the development of AIDS be slowed?

A

By giving people with HIV antiretroviral drugs

41
Q

Why do many people not realise they have chlamydia?

A

It often causes no symptoms

42
Q

What can untreated chlamydia result in?

A

Infertility in adults

Conjunctivitis and pneumonia in babies born to mothers with the bacteria

43
Q

How can chlamydia be treated?

A

Through antibiotics like tetracycline or erythromycin

Biology (10 decks)

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