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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

A

Chromosomes made of DNA molecules

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain?

A

46

23 pairs

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3
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells. Male gametes are sperm and female gametes are eggs.

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4
Q

In what way are gametes different from body cells?

A

They only have a single set of chromosomes in their nucleus - half the genetic complement

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5
Q

Define haploid

A

A cell that has a nucleus with only one set of chromosomes; a sex cell

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6
Q

Define diploid

A

A cell that has a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes; body cells

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7
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Usually a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm and an egg (two haploid cells)

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8
Q

When do cells divide by mitosis?

A

When:

  • An organism grows
  • Organisms need to replace worn-out cells
  • Organisms need to repair damaged tissue
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9
Q

What is the end produce of mitosis?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells (diploid)

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10
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A
  1. Chromosomes copy themselves, two strands are joined together
  2. The nucleus disintegrates. A spindle forms. Chromosomes line up on the spindle
  3. Spindle fibres contract and pull the two chromosome strands apart
  4. Nuclear membrane reforms in the 2 new cells
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11
Q

What is the fusion of gametes in meiosis called?

A

Fertilisation

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12
Q

What are gametes in flowering plants?

A

Pollen and eggs

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13
Q

What happens in meiosis?

A
  1. Copies of the genetic information are made
  2. The cell divides twice to form four gametes
  3. All gametes are genetically different - they show VARIATION
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14
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes

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15
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

The membrane that surrounds genetic material

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16
Q

What regulates the speed of the cycle of cell division?

A

Proteins withing the cell

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17
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of diseases where changes in cells lead to uncontrolled growth and division of cells

18
Q

What are the two types of tumour?

A

Malignant

Benign

19
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Tumours that can invade neighbouring tissues and spread throughout the body in the blood, leading to the creation of more secondary tumours

20
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Tumours that stay in a specific part of the body, often within a membrane.

21
Q

How do other tumours form from a malignant tumour?

A

A cell breaks off and invades other tissues

22
Q

What problem can tumours cause?

A

Cutting off blood supply to healthy tissues

23
Q

How do malignant tumours spread throughout the body?

A

Through the blood

24
Q

What factors can increase likelihood of developing a cancerous tumour?

A
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Smoking
  • Excessive alcohol intake
  • Too much UV exposure
25
Q

How can doctors treat cancerous tumours?

A
  1. Surgery to remove tissue
  2. Radiotherapy
  3. Chemotherapy
26
Q

What are unspecialised cells called?

A

Stem cells/undifferentiated cells

27
Q

How does differentiation happen?

A

Organisms start as one cell, then divide to form embryos that differentiate (specialise) to perform a bodily function

28
Q

Where can plant stem cells be found?

A

In meristem tissue

29
Q

When can a plant differentiate?

A

Its entire life

30
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found?

A 
*** Bone marrow ***
Brain
Eyes
Blood
Heart
Liver
Skin
Muscle
31
Q

Why are adult stem cells less useful than embryonic stem cells?

A

They can only differentiate into related cell types

e.g. bone marrow cells can only differentiate into blood cells and cells of the immune system

32
Q

What can stem cells be used for medically?

A

To be transplanted into patients to treat medical conditions and disease where cells have been destroyed and need replacing

33
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat?

A
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Spinal cord or brain injury
34
Q

When are bone marrow transplants carried out?

A
  • In cases of blood cell cancer e.g. leukaemia and lymphoma

- When blood cells have been destroyed e.g. during cancer treatment

35
Q

What are the benefits of using one’s own stem cells in a transplant?

A
  • No rejection
  • No need to fin a donor
  • No need for tissue matching
36
Q

What can plant stem cells be used for?

A
  1. To quickly and cheaply clone plants
  2. Protect rare species of plant from extinction
  3. Create large populations of plants with special features e.g. disease resistance
37
Q

What are the clinical issues around stem cell treatments?

A
  • No guarantee of how successful the procedure will be
  • Difficulty finding suitable stem cell donors
  • Difficulty obtaining and storing a patient’s embryonic stem cells
  • Mutated stem cells behave like cancer cells
  • Cultured stem cells could be contaminated with a virus
38
Q

What are the ethical issues around stem cell treatment?

A
  • Source of embryonic stem cells is in vitro fertilisation
  • It is right to create embryos for therapy and destroy them in the process?
  • At what stage of development should an embryo be regarded as, and treated as, a person?
39
Q

What are the social issues around stem cell treatment?

A
  • Educating the public about what stem cells can and cannot do
  • Whether the benefits can outweigh the risks
  • Patients could be exploited by paying for expensive treatments and being given false hope of a cure as stem cell therapies are only in their developmental stages
40
Q

Where are plant meristems found?

A

At root and shoot tips

Biology (10 decks)

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