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Biology > Classification and Biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification and Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five kingdoms of living things?

A
  • Animals (all multicellular animals)
  • Plants (all green plants)
  • Fungi (moulds, mushrooms, yeast)
  • Protists (Amoeba, Chlorella and Plasmodium)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae)
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2
Q

What is classification?

A

Grouping of animals by comparing their similarities and differences with the goal of judging evolutionary relatedness between species

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3
Q

What is the traditional classification system called and who was it developed by?

A

The Linnaean system, developed by Carl Linnaeus in the eighteenth century

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4
Q

What are the groups in the Linnean classification system?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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5
Q

How would you name an organism using the binominal naming structure?

A

First name: Genus

Second name: Species

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6
Q

What are examples of subdivisions of the phylum group?

A

Chordata: Have backbones
Anthropod: Have jointed legs and an exoskeleton
Annelids: Segmented worms

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7
Q

What are the types of vertebrates?

A 
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Fish
Reptiles
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8
Q

What are examples of subdivisions of the order group?

A

Carnivores

Primates

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9
Q

What are the advantages of the binominal naming system?

A

It ensures that animal names are the same across all languages to avoid confusion e.g. when animals are being transported to zoos

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10
Q

What characteristics do reptiles have?

A
  • Lay waterproof eggs on land
  • Dry, scaly skin (therefore cannot breathe through skin so have lungs
  • Live mostly on land
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11
Q

What are some examples of reptiles?

A

Crocodiles, turtles, and chameleons

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12
Q

What characteristics do mammals have?

A
  • Have mammary (milk) glands + sweat glands
  • Give birth to live young
  • Have four limbs
  • Have hair or fur
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13
Q

What are some examples of mammals?

A

Humans, dolphins, and bears

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14
Q

What characteristics do amphibians have?

A
  • Lay eggs covered in jelly, in water
  • Moist, scale-less skin
  • Often have webbed feet
  • Perform gas exchange through their skin
  • Cold blooded
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15
Q

What are some examples of amphibians?

A

Newts and frogs

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16
Q

What characteristics do fish have?

A
  • Scales and fins
  • A lateral line running through the middle of their body
  • Gills for gas exchange in water
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17
Q

What are some examples of fish?

A

Shark, salmon, and clownfish

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18
Q

What characteristics do birds have?

A
  • Feathers
  • Two wings and two legs
  • Lay hard-shelled eggs on land
  • Have beaks
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19
Q

What are some examples of birds?

A

Penguins, sparrows, and eagles

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20
Q

What are the two classifications of plants?

A

Ferns: Don’t have flowers or seeds, reproduce asexually using spores
Flowering plants: Can reproduce asexually or sexually. May produce seeds in their ovaries

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21
Q

What characteristics do fungi have?

A
  • Cells have chitin walls

- Reproduce using spores rather than seeds

22
Q

What characteristics do protists have?

A

Exist as simple single cells or colonies of single cells

23
Q

What characteristics do prokaryotes have?

A

Have a cell wall but not made from cellulose. Cells have no nucleus.

24
Q

What is the difference between vascular and non-vascular plants?

A

Vascular plants have tubes to form a transport system such as roots and stems
Non-vascular plants do not have tubes and instead get their water directly from the ground in damp places

25
Q

What are morphological adaptations?

A

Adaptations that affect the structure or shape of an organism (physical features) to help them survive in their environment

26
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Non-physical adaptations, but ones that affect an animal’s lifestyle or actions
e.g. mating rituals, working together in packs etc.

27
Q

What are the two types of adaptation an animal can have called?

A

Morphological adaptations

Behavioural adaptations

28
Q

What do plants compete for?

A
  • Water
  • Minerals from the soil
  • Light
  • Space
29
Q

What do animals compete for?

A
  • Food
  • Mates
  • Territory
30
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Animals of the same species competing for resources

31
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Animals of different species competing for resources

32
Q

What is interdependence?

A

When all organisms in an ecosystem are dependent on each other

33
Q

What may the size of an animal population be affected by?

A

Competition for food and water
Number of predators
Disease
Pollution

34
Q

What may the size of a plant population be affected by?

A

Competition for light, water, or minerals
Number of herbivores
Disease
Pollution

35
Q

How are plants adapted for maximum intake of water?

A

Shallow roots that extend a long way OR deep roots to find underground stores of water

36
Q

What are examples of biotic and abiotic factors that affect animal populations?

A

Biotic:
Food supply
Predators

Abiotic:
Light
Temperature
Water

37
Q

Why are plants adapted to have flowers?

A

To attract insects to pollinate them

38
Q

Why is it important for us to protect biodiversity?

A 
Moral issues - People feel guilty about destruction of habitats
New medicines
Industrial materials
Food and potential foods
Protecting humans from natural disasters
The economy (ecotourism)
39
Q

How are animal habitats being destroyed?

A

Building
Industry
Agriculture

40
Q

What are the methods of maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)
  • Captive breeding programmes
  • National Parks
  • Seed/sperm banks
  • Local biodiversity action plans
  • SSSI (Sites of Special Scientific Interest)
41
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity?

A

The number of different species in an area

42
Q

What is biological control and what are the benefits of using it?

A

The control of a pest through the introduction of a natural enemy or predator
It is an alternative to pesticides which can poison the environment

43
Q

What are the risks of introducing an alien species into an ecosystem?

A
  • The alien species may have no predators in the area and its population may grow out of control
  • May compete with existing species
  • May prey on existing species
  • May carry a disease that could affect native species
44
Q

How would you use a quadrat?

A
  1. Measure out an area to be surveyed
  2. Choose a random location within the area to place the quadrat
  3. Count the number of organisms in the quadrat/percentage cover of plants
  4. Repeat for more random locations
45
Q

What is a transect useful for?

A

Seeing the effect of a factor on the distribution of a species

46
Q

How would you use a transect?

A
  1. Lay out a tape measure or piece of rope
  2. Lay down quadrats at regular intervals along the transect line
  3. Record numbers of animals/plants along the line
47
Q

How could you improve the accuracy of sampling?

A
  • Sample area typical of whole area
  • Bigger sample area is better
  • The sampling method must not affect the results
48
Q

What is the formula for estimating a population?

A

Number counted x (total survey area/area sampled)

49
Q

What methods would you use to estimate the population of fast moving animals?

A

Capture-recapture technique/Pooters and nets

50
Q

How would you carry out the capture-recapture technique?

A
  1. Capture a number of individuals from a species
  2. Mark them
  3. Release them back into the wild
  4. Take another sample some time later
  5. Record number of marked animals + use formula
51
Q

What formula would you use to estimate an animal population using the capture-recapture technique?

A

Number found in first sample x Number found in second sample
___________________________________________
Number found in second sample which were already marked

Biology (10 decks)

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