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Large Animal Surgery > Disbudding/Dehorning and Antler Removal > Flashcards

Disbudding/Dehorning and Antler Removal Flashcards

1
Q

Why disbud?

A
  • Prevent injury to animals
  • Prevent injury to people
  • Remove damaged horn tissue
  • No need for horns
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2
Q

Definition of disbudding/dehorning

A
  • Removal of or destruction of those structurs from which teh horn will grow or is growing from
  • Horn bud
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3
Q

Parts of the horn proper

A
  • Corium
  • Cornual process (becomes the cornual sinus)
  • Cornual diverticulum
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4
Q

What is the goal of disbudding?

A
  • Destroy corium from which horn and cornual process develop
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5
Q

AVMA recommendations

A
  • Remove when it’s young
  • Done at earliest age possible
  • Use a local block (lidocaine is inexpensive)
  • NSAID
  • Benefits animal and producer
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6
Q

Three reasons to disbud at a young age

A
  • Reduces stress
  • Less development
  • Fewer complications
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7
Q

When to debud a calf?

A
  • First months of life
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8
Q

When to debud a goat?

A
  • First several weeks
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9
Q

Complications of cutting into cornual sinus

A
  • Communicates with the frontal sinus

- If you cut that open, risk of sinusitis and exophthalmia

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10
Q

Cornual nerve block location

A
  • Underneath the frontal crest

- When we’re blocking out, we want to block halfway between the base of the horn and the lateral canthus

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11
Q

Types of dehorning methods

A
  • Caustic paste
  • Dehorning iron
  • Horn gouge or tube dehorners
  • Barnes dehorner
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12
Q

What nerve do we block for disbudding a cow horn?

A
  • Cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve that comes off of CN 5
  • Lidocaine plus NSAIDs (flunixin or meloxicam)
  • Longest pain control if you use NSAID plus local anesthetic
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13
Q

Caustic paste

A
  • Alkaline compound (calcium chloride)
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14
Q

Advantage of caustic paste

A
  • Destroys corium and horn bud

- Quick and less painful

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15
Q

Disadvantage of of the caustic paste

A
  • Paste into eyes (keratitis) or onto udder of cow (dermatitis)
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16
Q

Clove oil

A
  • Clove oil used to disbud goat kids

- But not used in the US

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17
Q

Dehorning irons goal

A
  • Destroy the developing horn bud and corium
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18
Q

Dehorning irons length of time

A
  • Put in place for 3-5 seconds
  • Block them out first
  • should look like leather
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19
Q

Cryosurgery

A
  • They do it here
  • Uses liquid nitrogen
  • Can use a cotton ball, a sprayer, or something to tap it to
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20
Q

Barnes dehorner

A
  • Gouge like device
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21
Q

De-bulking

A
  • Line of cut

- want to get under the line of hair

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22
Q

Anesthesia for older cattle

A
  • Local nerve block

- NSAIDs

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23
Q

How do you block the cornual nerve?

A
  • Go perpendicular toe the crest

- Put it in under the frontal crest and inject as you pull it back

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24
Q

Tongs for dehorning

A
  • Put these underneath the frontal crest
  • This prevents them from bleeding all over
  • If they start bleeding you can push underneath the frontal crest
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25
Q

Methods for cutting off a horn in an older cow

A
  • Large Barnes dehorner
  • OB wire (which he prefers)
  • or a giant saw (he doesn’t like this)
  • Keystone (large guillotine)
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26
Q

How to stop bleeding for dehorning?

A
  • Blood stop powder

- Or you can tie a figure 8 with baling twine over the horn base and take it off in a bit

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27
Q

Cosmetic dehorning

A
  • Charge people a bunch
  • You undermine and cut off the horn
  • Undermine the skin and suture it back together
  • Not a fan
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28
Q

5 Post-dehorning

A
  1. Control bleeding
  2. Fly control (don’t do it during fly season; use a fly tag)
  3. Clean environment
  4. Feed hay on ground (don’t want to feed in hay nets or get into the surgery site)
  5. Examine animals frequently
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29
Q

How long for a horn to heal after dehorning?

A

2-4 weeks

30
Q

Blood from the nose after a dehorn meaning

A
  • Some hemorrhage
  • Animal had a dehorn and bled through the nose
  • Blood in the frontal sinus that bleeds out through the nose
31
Q

What causes scurs?

A
  • Incomplete removal of corium

- Horn grows abnormally

32
Q

Treatment for scurs

A
  • Often just a cosmetic thing

- You can just use OB wire to cut it off

33
Q

What do you risk if you wait to dehorn a goat?

A
  • Getting into the open frontal sinus
34
Q

Why dehorn a goat?

A
  • Horned animals may be not allowed in shows

- same as for cow dehorn

35
Q

Why leave horns on a goat?

A
  • Packers often prefer horns

- Aid in cooling

36
Q

Which two nerves do you block for goats and cervidae?

A
  • Two nerves innervating the horn
  • Cornual branch of the lacrimal (in the eye
  • Cornual branch of the infratrochlear (L shape behind the zygomatic arch)
37
Q

Lidocaine toxicity in goats

A
  • Historic, anecdotal?
38
Q

Dosing for lidocaine in goats

A
  • <10 mg/kg
39
Q

How to avoid lidocaine toxicity?

A
  • Avoid massive local infusions

- Dilute lidocaine (he does dilute to 1% and use 3 cc; 0.5 cc per spot

40
Q

Scent glands on goats and disbudding

A
  • Often remove the scent glands when your disbudding
41
Q

Handling a goat

A
  • Use a goat box
42
Q

Method for disbudding a less than 1 week old goat

A
  • Careful electrocautery

- Dehorning iron

43
Q

Method for disbudding a greater than 1 week old goat kid

A
  • Cut bud off and cauterize with electrocautery
  • You want a really hot iron
  • Doesn’t have to be consecutive burning; you can let it cool in-between
  • 3 1 second bursts
44
Q

Older goat dehorning pain control

A
  • Usually have to sedate and also locally anesthetize
  • General anesthesia
  • Xylazine, butorphanol, etc.
45
Q

Methods for removing a goat horn

A
  • Obstetric wire

- If they don’t get into the sinus they will just cauterize

46
Q

Post op care for removing a goat horn

A
  • If you get into the frontal sinus you have to bandage it
  • Cannot leave it open
  • 4-5 days
  • Total healing may take several days
47
Q

Gouge or Barne’s dehorner in a goat

A
  • DO NOT DO IT

- This is how you kill a goat because you will fracture their calvarium

48
Q

Dehorning complications

A
  • Thermal meningitis, brain necrosis
  • Sinusitis
  • Frontal bone necrosis
  • Loss of social status
  • Decreased milk production
  • Scurs
49
Q

Sinusitis

A
  • Suppurative infection of one or more para-nasal sinuses

- dehorning more than disbudding more commonly

50
Q

Which sinus is most frequently affected by dehorning?

A
  • Frontal sinus
51
Q

What issue is most commonly associated with maxillary sinus?

A
  • Tooth issue
52
Q

Clinical findings of sinusitis?

A
  • Drainage
  • Anorexic, febrile
  • Nasal discharge (Pus coming out of the dehorning site)
  • Head tilt
  • Percussion is dull
  • Exophthalmia - chronically
  • Bulging - chronically
  • Diagnostic tap/radiographs
53
Q

Trephination

A
  • Drilling a hole through bone into the frontal sinus

- Can use it diagnostically and therapeutically

54
Q

Frontal sinus (anatomy)

A
  • Rostral limit is an imaginary line drawn through the middle of the orbits
  • Medially there is a complete bony septum
  • Caudally there is the pole
  • Laterally - extends to the point just rostral to the external ear
  • Main and turbinate portion
  • Communicates with the nasal cavity through the ethmoids
55
Q

Compartments of the frontal sinus

A
  • Post orbital diverticula

- Cornual diverticula

56
Q

-What will happen if the post-orbital diverticulum ruptures?

A
  • Exophthalmos
57
Q

Treatment for sinusitis secondary to dehorning

A
  • Examine the dehorning site (make sure there is not a sequestrum)
  • TPR
  • Possible culture and sensitivity
  • Systemic antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Flush sinus cavity with peroxide and betadine
  • Trephination to establish ventral drainage (rare now)
  • He likes to squirt mastitis ointment (cephapirin that is for lactating cows and squirt it into the sinus)
58
Q

Nose ringing reasons

A
  • Method of restraint for bulls
  • They respect it
  • Humane but safe
  • Also prevents suckling
59
Q

What material are nose rings made out of?

A
  • Typically brass because it’s not tissue reactive
60
Q

Nose ring application

A
  • Block them out with lidocaine in the internasal septum
  • Go in front of the cartilage in the tissue between the two nares
  • You can push through with a trephine or a blade
  • Good restraint is important
61
Q

Deer antlers

A
  • Shed in the fall and winter

- Grow (spring like flowers) yearly

62
Q

Velvet antler

A
  • Cartilaginous, pre-calcified growth stage

- Has vasculature and nerves

63
Q

Antler material

A
  • True bone vs horn which is like a nail
  • It’s a bone that gets shed every year
  • Pedicle is the permanent structure that attaches to the bone where it grows from
64
Q

How much calcium salt needed to grow antlers?

A
  • Need 50+ lbs of calcium salts
65
Q

In which species do the females have antlers?

A
  • Caribou and reindeer
66
Q

How can you inhibit antler growth in deer and elk?

A
  • Castration before first antler growth
67
Q

What happens if you castrate a deer in velvet?

A
  • Permanent retention of velvet - will not shed
68
Q

What happens if you castrate a deer with the hard antler?

A
  • Immediate drop of antler, replacement to velvet stage next year, and persistence
  • Pedicles fall off too
69
Q

Nerve supply for cervid antlers

A
  • Nerve supply similar to goats
  • Block in the front of the globe and at the zygomatic arch
  • Specific nerve block or ring block when in velvet
  • Not necessary AFTER the velvet
70
Q

Chemical and physical restraint for deer antler removal

A
  • Carfentanil and xylazine (naltrexone and yohimbine for reversal)
  • Ketamine and medetomidine
  • BAM (Butorphanol, azaperone, medetomidine)
  • Want them in a controlled space
71
Q

Analgesia for antler removal

A
  • See previous notecard
  • Nerve blocks
  • Surgery and hemostasis

Large Animal Surgery (7 decks)

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