Disability, Ableism, Accessibility, and Inclusion Flashcards
moral model of disability
disability = sin, loss/test of faith, reinforces shame and idea of disabilty as punishment in our culture
medical model of disability
disability as an individual problem due to a defect or failure of one’s body categorized by diagnosis, reducing QoL, ameliorated using medical treatment and rehabilitation, people who do not share this view are labelled as nonadherent or unmotivated; legislation is usually exclusively from medical perspective
propositions of the medical model
- focuses on the limitations and ways to prevent/reduce/improve limitations for better body functioning thus increasing functionality in society
- uses adaptive knowledge and tech to support people with medical conditions to live a more normal life (better ADL function)
- medical and technological advances gen faith in scientific and professional interventions
- justifies investing resources in health care services, procedures, tech, and research to prevent/reduce medical conditions
dangers of the medical model
- paternalism values expertise, creating services for not with people with medical conditions, unintended social devaluing of people with medical conditions
- charitable portrayal of people with medical conditions casts them in a negative perspective and disempowers them
- may harm the self-esteem and social inclusion of people with medical conditions, leading to internalized disability and personal tragedy discourse
- resources could have been directed toward removing environmental barriers in disability such as universal design for social change on larger scale
- disabled people are seen as inspirational porn; objectified to inspire non-disabled people
social model of disability
the environment and society’s failure to accommodate (physically and attitudes) impairments is what creates disability experience
propositions of the social model
- de-medicalizes disability and highlights marginalized groups who are bothered and listens to their voices
- promotes access, equity, social inclusion, sense of community, pride, autonomy, and empowerment
- promotes change in APA practices on structural, attitudinal, and social levels
- focus on collaboration by working with disabled people and highlight their voices with work by disabled people for interdependence between disabled and non-disabled people
dangers of the social model
- individual expeirences underestimated and ignores the diversity of subjective experiences in society
- cannot presume that all activity restrictions have a social basis since restrictions can come from the condition itself
- power imbalance and creation of outsiders from social activism as people are split into who benefits from ableism and who does not
- marginalization within the disabled people’s movement
direct/perception discrimation v. indirect/associated discrimination
- treated unfairly because of disabilty (eg. harassment, exclusion)
- policy or rule that seems fair but actually harms a certain group such as making assumptions of mobility norm and not catering to those who outside of it (eg. not putting accessibilty ramps)
ableism
beliefs or actions based on supremacist hierarchies, favouring non-disabled people; valuing normal capacities and pushing change towards a non-disabled ideal, devaluing and othering those who cannot or do not meet these expectations
disability advocacy
disability is part of the human condition, therefore is a form of diversity with unique perspectives that should be valued and celebrated
paternalism and dismantling ableist care
- policies made by people with authority in their subordinate’s best interest but ultimately restrict their freedom
- paternalism is entrenched in physical therapy, can lead to ableist care when setting goals for a plan of care; respect peoples’ decisions for care and collaborate with clients to focus on their goals, and help them navigate the environmental contexts they live in whether they choose to improve their impairment or not
biopsychosocial model of disability
social relational model; diversity in medical conditions and embodied sensations, individuals’ life experience and contexts, and disability experience is complex and context-specific
othering in sport
1. sporting body ideal
2. expertism
3. sport elitism
4. exclusion on participants
- impairment symbolic of deviance from developmentally normative standards of sporting ability, equating fitness to certain body shapes and performing skills in particular ways of movement to prioritize high-performing body capabilities, thus deviance becomes reason for othering
- prioritizing professional opinion over participant opinion to decide who is allowed to participate in sport based on moral legitimization not on the choice of the person with disability
- privileging elite sport over recreational participation
- negatively impact participants’ self-esteem and enthusiasm for sport
othering
marginalization when those thought to be different from ourselves due to individual differences are rejected
medical v. social v. biopsychosocial model of terminology
what language is used depends on context
1. medical uses person first language in which disability is trait person has (person with disabilities)
2. social does not use person first in terms of disability (disabled people) to emphasize disabling society and person first for impairments (people with impairments) to emphasize disability may or may not be experienced
3. people experiencing disabilities to emphasize the context specific nature of disabilty experience and using a person who identifies as to emphasize the complex nature of disability experience and self-determination to uphold agency
disablism
discrimination against disabled people arising from the belief that disabled people are inferior to non-disabled people and devalues their lives and experiences which can manifest as non-conscious (habitual and unexamined beliefs) or unconscious (not available to consciousness) beliefs
enlighted ableism
explicitly non-ableist philosophies or beliefs are
contradicted by the enactment or condoning of ableist practices
types of barriers
attitudinal, organizational/systemic, architectural, information/communication, technological
Universal design
1. def
2. physical accessibility
3. usability
- design approach that strives to ensure built environments are useable by as many people as possible
- elements in the constructed or built environments that allow approach, entrance, and use of facilities
- opportunities for maximum use of constructed or built environments
universal design principles
1. equitable use
2. flexibilty in use
3. simple and intuitive
4. perceptible information
5. tolerance for error
6. low physical effort
7. size and space for approach and use
- provides functional uses for many users with diverse abilities as possible throughout the construction
- choice and variety in methods of use
- easy to use regardless of user exp, knowledge, language, or current concentration level to limit confusion
- make it easy to understand how to use
- minimizes hazards or adverse consequences of accidents, prepare for emergency and failure
- used efficiently and comfortably with minimum of fatigue by min repetitive actions and use low operating forces
- appropriate size and space are provided for approach and use and accommodates diverse bodies
disabling conditions
- medical conditions
- lack of or inappropriate resources
- sociocultural influences
- stereotyping and stigmatization: social acts based on widely held, oversimplified idea of particular type of person; regarding person as worth of disgrace
diversity of disability construction/experience in personal experiences
- Support from the surroundings
- Opportunity for education and choice
- Social skills and awareness (e.g., awareness of rights)
- Opportunity for independence, stereotyping, stigmatization
- self-efficacy and self-determination; opportunities for self growth and dev
diversity of disability construction/experience in life contexts
- Natural environment (weather, hills, sand, grass)
- Socio-environmental contexts (architectural accessibility)
- Constitutional contexts (e.g., rule, policy, and regulation)
- Social contexts (e.g., societal attitude, awareness, readiness)
- Access to information, resources, programs, facilities, services
diversity of disability experience in medical conditions
disability manifests in many ways and generalization is not possible
1. invisible symptoms
2. dramatic fluctuations in symptoms
3. conditions can be stable, improve, or progressively worsen
4. accompanying secondary medical conditions
using the right terminology and derogatory terms
- some id selves with not right or inappropriate terms and depending on community preference
- language is shifting, complex, context-specific, and personal therefore ask if you can
- derogatory terms should never be used to devalue or ridicule people but are sometimes used intentionally and carefully by social activists and researcher to resist against marginalization among disabled people to promote rights
real violence
pain inflicted by other people
systemic violence
violence inherent in the system that sustain relations of superiority, power, and domination of one group over another such as policies that promote othering
direct psychoemotional violence
acts of invalidation and hate crimes; can indirectly participate in violence by being a bystander
indirect psychoemotional violence
impact of structural disablism ont the security or confidence of disabled people through internalizing discriminatory values, lowering self-worth, and lessening a sense of intrinisic value
dominant cultural notion
cultural notion of how someone should act, communicate, and think; those who do follow the norm are vunerable to cultural violence
medical gaze
trademark of the medical model that views a person’s experiences and identities through their diagnosis which has real implication on disabled people’s lives
