Disability, Ableism, Accessibility, and Inclusion

Question 1

moral model of disability

Answer 1

disability = sin, loss/test of faith, reinforces shame and idea of disabilty as punishment in our culture

Question 2

medical model of disability

Answer 2

disability as an individual problem due to a defect or failure of one’s body categorized by diagnosis, reducing QoL, ameliorated using medical treatment and rehabilitation, people who do not share this view are labelled as nonadherent or unmotivated; legislation is usually exclusively from medical perspective

Question 3

propositions of the medical model for individual

Answer 3

1. focuses on the limitations and ways to prevent/reduce/improve limitations for better body functioning thus increasing functionality in society
2. uses adaptive knowledge and tech to support people with medical conditions to live a more normal life (better ADL function)

Question 4

propositions of the medical model for society

Answer 4

1. medical and technological advances gen faith in scientific and professional interventions
2. justifies investing resources in health care services, procedures, tech, and research to prevent/reduce medical conditions

Question 5

dangers of the medical model

Answer 5

1. paternalism values expertise, creating services for not with people with medical conditions, unintended social devaluing of people with medical conditions
2. charitable portrayal of people with medical conditions casts them in a negative perspective and disempowers them
3. may harm the self-esteem and social inclusion of people with medical conditions, leading to internalized disability and personal tragedy discourse
4. resources could have been directed toward removing environmental barriers in disability such as universal design for social change on larger scale
5. disabled people are seen as inspirational porn; objectified to inspire non-disabled people

Question 6

health professionals’ views on disability

Answer 6

in line with general public and often are more negative than disabled people’s views possibly influencing patient response to treatment and self-acceptance, and contributing to health inequalities between disabled and non-disabled people

Question 7

social model of disability

Answer 7

the environment and society’s failure to accommodate (physically and attitudes) impairments is what creates disability experience

Question 8

propositions of the social model

Answer 8

1. de-medicalizes disability and highlights marginalized groups who are bothered and listens to their voices
2. promotes access, equity, social inclusion, sense of community, pride, autonomy, and empowerment
3. promotes change in APA practices on structural, attitudinal, and social levels
4. focus on collaboration by working with disabled people and highlight their voices with work by disabled people for interdependence between disabled and non-disabled people

Question 9

dangers of the social model

Answer 9

1. individual expeirences underestimated and ignores the diversity of subjective experiences in society
2. cannot presume that all activity restrictions have a social basis since restrictions can come from the condition itself
3. power imbalance and creation of outsiders from social activism as people are split into who benefits from ableism and who does not
4. marginalization within the disabled people’s movement

Question 10

direct/perception discrimation v. indirect/associated discrimination

Answer 10

1. treated unfairly because of disabilty (eg. harassment, exclusion)
2. policy or rule that seems fair but actually harms a certain group such as making assumptions of mobility norm and not catering to those who outside of it (eg. not putting accessibilty ramps)

Question 11

fundamental negative bias and rehabilitation

Answer 11

1. devalues disabled experience and considered lesser than non-disabled peers
2. disability in rehabilitation is viewed through a Eurocentric fundementally negative view of disability, attitudes of health care professionals is critical since they control access to services and influence public policies

Question 12

ableism

Answer 12

beliefs or actions based on supremacist hierarchies, favouring non-disabled people; valuing normal capacities and pushing change towards a non-disabled ideal, devaluing and othering those who cannot or do not meet these expectations

Question 13

disability advocacy

Answer 13

disability is part of the human condition, therefore is a form of diversity with unique perspectives that should be valued and celebrated

Question 14

WHO International Classification of Function, Disability and Health
1. overview
2. novelty
3. flaws

Answer 14

1. framework for measuring health and disability at individual and population levels that equally considers impairments and the environmental contexts that make disability experience intersect the medical and social models of disability following the biopsychosocial model
2. explicitly includes the contextual factors that determine disability, client-centred, empower clients by emphasizing goals and activities important to them
3. limited personal factors and environmental factors addressed

Question 15

paternalism and dismantling ableist care

Answer 15

1. policies made by people with authority in their subordinate’s best interest but ultimately restrict their freedom
2. paternalism is entrenched in physical therapy, can lead to ableist care when setting goals for a plan of care; respect peoples’ decisions for care and collaborate with clients to focus on their goals, and help them navigate the environmental contexts they live in whether they choose to improve their impairment or not

Question 16

Biopsychosocial model: applications to PT practice
1. non-adherent patients
2. personal bias
3. collaboration
4. broader perspective

Answer 16

1. may not place value on the program since the goals developed may be different that then goals they have or are rejecting idea that they need to be fixed (medical model)
2. Recognize and address personal biases through intentional self-reflection and guidance, interacting with people who are different, and reflect on feelings and responses that affect practice to change them and become disability allies since attitudinal barriers are the most significant barriers
3. collaborate with clients to empower them in decisions about health care by changing focus to clients’ goals to allow them to pursue activities that are most meaningful to them and focus on interventions that will achieve their goals
4. consider the social, political, and economic contexts needed to support clients and work with other professionals to address common environmental issues to adapt the client’s environments to accommodate them

Question 17

Biopsychosocial model: applications to PT education

Answer 17

1. Include the disability experience in cultural competence in PT curriculum facillitate understanding of patient centresed care from their perspective
2. use lived experiences and narratives as education tools to teach students to listen attentively to clients’ voices and provide opportunities to socialize with disabled people as peers

Question 18

Biopsychosocial model: applications to PT research

Answer 18

learn to best listen to fully understand the context of clients lives and best way to understand personal bias

Question 19

biopsychosocial model of disability

Answer 19

social relational model; diversity in medical conditions and embodied sensations, individuals’ life experience and contexts, and disability experience is complex and context-specific

Question 20

othering in sport
1. sporting body ideal
2. expertism
3. sport elitism
4. exclusion on participants

Answer 20

1. impairment symbolic of deviance from developmentally normative standards of sporting ability, equating fitness to certain body shapes and performing skills in particular ways of movement to prioritize high-performing body capabilities, thus deviance becomes reason for othering
2. prioritizing professional opinion over participant opinion to decide who is allowed to participate in sport based on moral legitimization not on the choice of the person with disability
3. privileging elite sport over recreational participation
4. negatively impact participants’ self-esteem and enthusiasm for sport

Question 21

othering

Answer 21

marginalization when those thought to be different from ourselves due to individual differences are rejected

Question 22

medical v. social v. biopsychosocial model of terminology

Answer 22

what language is used depends on context
1. medical uses person first language in which disability is trait person has (person with disabilities)
2. social does not use person first in terms of disability (disabled people) to emphasize disabling society and person first for impairments (people with impairments) to emphasize disability may or may not be experienced
3. people experiencing disabilities to emphasize the context specific nature of disabilty experience and using a person who identifies as to emphasize the complex nature of disability experience and self-determination to uphold agency

Question 23

disablism

Answer 23

discrimination against disabled people arising from the belief that disabled people are inferior to non-disabled people and devalues their lives and experiences which can manifest as non-conscious (habitual and unexamined beliefs) or unconscious (not available to consciousness) beliefs

Question 24

ableism in adapted PA

Answer 24

ableist assumptions underlie the foundations of many disciplinary knowledge, practices, and
values of the field

Question 25

enlighted ableism

Answer 25

explicitly non-ableist philosophies or beliefs are
contradicted by the enactment or condoning of ableist practices

Question 26

types of barriers

Answer 26

attitudinal, organizational/systemic, architectural, information/communication, technological

Question 27

Universal design
1. def
2. physical accessibility
3. usability

Answer 27

1. design approach that strives to ensure built environments are useable by as many people as possible
2. elements in the constructed or built environments that allow approach, entrance, and use of facilities
3. opportunities for maximum use of constructed or built environments

Question 28

universal design principles
1. equitable use
2. flexibilty in use
3. simple and intuitive
4. perceptible information
5. tolerance for error
6. low physical effort
7. size and space for approach and use

Answer 28

1. provides functional uses for many users with diverse abilities as possible throughout the construction
2. choice and variety in methods of use
3. easy to use regardless of user exp, knowledge, language, or current concentration level to limit confusion
4. make it easy to understand how to use
5. minimizes hazards or adverse consequences of accidents, prepare for emergency and failure
6. used efficiently and comfortably with minimum of fatigue by min repetitive actions and use low operating forces
7. appropriate size and space are provided for approach and use and accommodates diverse bodies

Question 29

disabling conditions

Answer 29

1. medical conditions
2. lack of or inappropriate resources
3. sociocultural influences
4. stereotyping and stigmatization: social acts based on widely held, oversimplified idea of particular type of person; regarding person as worth of disgrace

Question 30

diversity of disability construction/experience in individual life experiences

Answer 30

1. Supports from the surroundings
2. Opportunity for education and choice
3. Social skills and awareness (e.g., awareness of rights)
4. Opportunity for independence, stereotyping, stigmatization

Question 31

diversity of disability construction/experience in life contexts

Answer 31

1. Natural environment (weather, hills, sand, grass)
2. Socio-environmental contexts (architectural accessibility)
3. Constitutional contexts (e.g., rule, policy, and regulation)
4. Social contexts (e.g., societal attitude, awareness, readiness)
5. Access to information, resources, programs, facilities, services

Question 32

diversity of disability experience in medical conditions

Answer 32

disability manifests in many ways and generalization is not possible
1. invisible symptoms
2. dramatic fluctuations in symptoms
3. conditions can be stable, improve, or progressively worsen
4. accompanying secondary medical conditions

Question 33

using the right terminology and derogatory terms

Answer 33

1. some id selves with not right or inappropriate terms and depending on community preference
2. language is shifting, complex, context-specific, and personal therefore ask if you can
3. derogatory terms should never be used to devalue or ridicule people but are sometimes used intentionally and carefully by social activists and researcher to resist against marginalization among disabled people to promote rights

Question 34

real violence

Answer 34

encounter of pain inflicted by other people

Question 35

systemic violence

Answer 35

violence inherent in the system that sustain relations of superiority, power, and domination of one group over another such as policies that promote othering

Question 36

direct psychoemotional violence

Answer 36

acts of invalidation and hate crimes; can indirectly participate in violence by being a bystander

Question 37

indirect psychoemotional violence

Answer 37

impact of structural disablism ont the security or confidence of disabled people through internalizing discriminatory values, lowering self-worth, and lessening a sense of intrinisic value

Question 38

dominant cultural notion

Answer 38

cultural notion of how someone should act, communicate, and think; those who do follow the norm are vunerable to cultural violence

Question 39

medical gaze

Answer 39

trademark of the medical model that views a person’s experiences and identities through their diagnosis which has real implication on disabled people’s lives