dis Flashcards
is the quantitative amount administered or taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect. The dose may be expressed as a single dose, the amount taken at one time; a daily dose; or a total dose, the amount taken during the course of therapy.
The dose of a drug
may be subdivided and taken in divided doses, two or more times per day depending on the character- istics of the drug and the illness. The schedule of dosing (e.g., four times per day for 10 days) is referred to as the dosage regimen.
daily dose
Quantitatively, drug doses vary greatly among drug substances; some drugs have____ , other drugs have relatively_______
small doses
large doses
is based on its biochemical and pharmacologic activity, its physical and chemical properties, the dosage form used, the route of administration, and various patient factors.
dose of a drug
for a particular patient may be determined in part on the basis of the patient’s age, weight, body surface area, general physical health, liver and kidney function (for drug metabolism and elimination), and the severity of the illness being treated.
The dose of a drug
takes into account a patient’s ability to metabolize and eliminate drugs from the body due to impaired liver or renal function, which often necessitates a reduction in dosage.
Pharmacokinetic dosing
is the amount that ordinarily produces the medicinal effect intended in the adult patient.
usual adult dose of a drug
is similarly defined for the infant or child patient.
usual pediatric dose
of a drug serve as a guide to physicians who may select to prescribe that dose initially or vary it depending on the assessed requirements of the particular patient.
“usual” adult and pediatric doses
for a drug indicates the quantitative range or amounts of the drug that may be prescribed within the guidelines of usual medical practice.
usual dosage range
is provided in the package labeling and inserts that accompany manufacturers’ pharmaceutical products, as well as in a variety of references, such as Drug Facts and Comparisons, Physicians’ Desk Reference, Pediatric Dosage Handbook,3 Geriatric Dosage Handbook, and Drug Information Handbook.”
Drug use and dose information
is the amount that produces the desired intensity of effect in 50% of the individuals tested.
median effective dose of a drug
is the amount that produces toxic effects in 50% of the individuals tested.
median toxic dose of a drug
Drugs intended to produce________must be absorbed or placed directly into the circulation and distributed in adequate concentrations to the body’s cellular sites of action. For certain drugs, a correlation exists between drug dosage, the drug’s blood serum concentration after administration, and the presentation and degree of drug effects.
systemic effects
An ________of a drug can be measured,and the minimum concentration determined that can be expected to produce the drug’s desired effects in a patient. This concentration is referred to as_______
average blood serum concentration
the minimum effective concentration (MEC).
The base level of blood serum concentration that produces dose-related toxic effects is referred to as_______the of the drug.
minimum toxic concentration (MTC)
For certain drugs, a larger-than-usual initial dose may be required to achieve the desired blood drug level. This dose is referred to as
the priming or loading dose
Subsequent__________doses, similar in amount to usual doses, are then administered according to the dosage regimen to sustain the desired drug blood levels or drug effects.
maintenance
To achieve the desired drug blood level rapidly, the__________may be administered as an injection or oral liquid, whereas the__________may be administered in other forms, such as tablets or capsules.
loading dose
subsequent maintenance doses
As discussed later in this chapter, there are certain instances in which _________is prescribed for a particular patient.
low-dose therapy or high-dose therapy
And, for certain drugs there may be different doses required depending on whether the use is for___________, that is, as the primary drug treatment,
monotherapy
, additional to or supportive of a different primary
treatment.
adjunctive therapy,
Whether a pharmaceutical product is prepared on a large or small scale or is compounded individually in the pharmacy,_________is a part of the pharmacist’s calculation and, along with the prescribed dosage regimen, is vital to the health and welfare of the patient.
drug dosage
One of the primary responsibilities of the pharmacist is_________to specified in prescriptions based on a knowledge of the usual doses, usual dose ranges, and dosage regimens of the medicines prescribed. If an unusual dose is noted, the pharmacist is ethically bound to consult the physician to make certain that the dose as written or interpreted is the dose intended and that it is suitable for the patient and condition being treated. As noted later in this chapter, certain treatments involve the use of low-dose and high-dose therapies, of which the pharmacists must be aware.
check doses
, such as vaccines, may be administered in _______to protect the patient from contracting a specific disease.
biologic or immunologic products
prophylactic doses
Other products, such as________may be administered in therapeutic doses to counter a disease after exposure or contraction.
antitoxins
The doses of some biologic products, such as _______are expressed in units of activity, derived from biologic assay methods. Calculations pertaining to these types of products are presented in Chapter 9.
insulin
