Diploma Prep: DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix, ATCG, dioxyribose, phosphorus

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2
Q

How are nucleosomes formed?

A

winding DNA around histones

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3
Q

What did Franklin contribute to discovering the structure of DNA?

A

x-ray crystallography

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4
Q

What did Watson and Crick contribute to discovering the structure of DNA?

A

discovered the double helix

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5
Q

What is the role of helicase in dna replication?

A

unwinds two strands

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6
Q

What is the role of single stranded binding proteins in dna replication?

A

stabilizes dna to keep it open

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7
Q

What is the role of rna primase in dna replication?

A

builds short sections of rna primer, provides attachment site for dna polymerase 3

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8
Q

What is the role of dna polymerase 3 in dna replication?

A

attaches to rna primer and adds complimentary nucleotides

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9
Q

What is the role of dna polymerase 1 in dna replication?

A

replaces rna primers with base pairs

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10
Q

What is the role of dna ligase in dna replication?

A

glues fragments together

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11
Q

What is gel electrophoresis, how is it performed and what is it used for?

A

dna is put with restriction enzymes and put in a gel medium with a current, dna is - and so the smallest pieces of dna move the fastest, used in parental testing and forensics

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12
Q

What are the steps in dna recombination?

A
  1. isolate gene (w restriction enzymes)
  2. restriction enzyme cuts plasmid - cant cut on binding site or inside antibacterial resistance code
  3. grow bacteria on agar with antibiotic
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13
Q

What are the differences between dna and rna?

A

rna is single stranded, rna uses uracil instead of thymine, rna uses ribose

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14
Q

What are the steps of rna transcription and what do they do?

A
  1. initiation (rna polymerase opens double helix and reads 3’ strand)
  2. elongation (rna nucleotides are placed)
  3. termination (mRNA falls off when it hits the terminator
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15
Q

What happens to rna after transcription?

A

methyl cap is added, poly-a tail is added, non-coding rna is taken out (introns)

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16
Q

What are the steps of rna translation and what do they do?

A
  1. initiation (mrna associates with rsu, aug is at p site, trna with met a.a aligns with anticodon, held together by h bonding)
  2. elongation (trna enters with the next codon, old trna moves to e site, single trna goes to a site)
  3. termination (stop codon signals end of a.a., a.a. is released and ribosome falls apart)
17
Q

What does polysome mean?

A

when translation is occuring at various places along the mrna

18
Q

what is a codon?

A

3 nucleotides that code for an a.a.

19
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code

20
Q

what are the e p and a sites?

A

sites on ribosome for trna during translation

21
Q

what is trna?

A

small rnas that carry amino acids to the ribosome

22
Q

what is mrna?

A

messanger rna, carries rna from nucleus to ribsome

23
Q

what is a start codon?

A

first codon of mrna, codes for met

24
Q

what is a stop codon?

A

trna stops adding a.a. and chain is released