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PHAR358 > Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, H. Influenzae B > Flashcards

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, H. Influenzae B Flashcards

1
Q

What causes diphtheria?

A

bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria
-releases toxin –> inhibit cell protein synthesis & membrane formation

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2
Q

How is diphtheria transmitted?

A

respiratory droplets (e.g. sneezing or coughing)

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of diphtheria?

A

URTI - mild fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy
a grayish white membrane appears in throat in 2-3 days
can lead to acute respiratory distress & systemic complications (e.g. myocarditis)

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4
Q

What is the mortality rate of diphtheria?

A

unimmunized 5-10%
highest in very young/old individuals

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5
Q

How does the diphtheria vaccine work?

A

toxoid vaccine
-contains detoxified diphtheria toxin (antigen), so immune system produces antibodies towards the toxin
-vaccine protects against effects of the toxin, but not infection/transmission

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6
Q

How does the diphtheria come in terms of available products?

A

only available as combo vaccine
-“D” = pediatric formulation (higher concentration antigen), e.g. DTap-IPV
-“d” = adolescent/adult formulation (reduced concentration antigen), e.g. Tdap

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7
Q

Should children receive the diphtheria vaccine?

A

yes, part of routine immunizations

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8
Q

Describe NACI’s recommendations for diphtheria vaccination in adults.

A

Td booster every 10 yrs (routine)
-can also get if serious cuts/deep wounds & last tetanus vaccine was more than 5 yrs ago
-should receive Tdap x 1 to replace Td booster
should receive Tdap vaccine in each pregnancy

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9
Q

What causes tetanus?

A

bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani
-found in the soil & feces
-releases a neurotoxin

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10
Q

How is tetanus transmitted?

A

wound contamination with soil, feces, or dust
not spread person-to-person

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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of tetanus?

A

onset 3-21 days
painful muscle spasms beginning with jaw muscles (lockjaw)

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12
Q

What are the complications of tetanus?

A

convulsions
respiratory failure

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13
Q

What is the mortality rate of tetanus?

A

unimmunized 10-80%
-highest in very young/old individuals

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14
Q

How does the tetanus vaccine work?

A

toxoid vaccine
-contains detoxified tetanus toxin (antigen), so immune system produces antibodies towards the toxin

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15
Q

How does the tetanus vaccine come in terms of available products?

A

only available as combo vaccine
-DTaP-IPV, Tdap, Td

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16
Q

Should children receive the tetanus vaccine?

A

part of routine immunizations

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17
Q

Describe NACIs recommendations for tetanus vaccine in adults.

A

Td booster every 10 years (routine)
-can also get if serious cuts/deep wounds & last tetanus vaccine was more than 5 years ago
-should receive Tdap x 1 to replace Td booster
should receive Tdap vaccine in each pregnancy

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18
Q

What causes pertussis?

A

bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
-produce toxin –> paralyze respiratory cell cilia

19
Q

How is pertusiss transmitted?

A

respiratory droplets (e.g. sneezing or coughing)
close face-to-face contact (highly contagious)

20
Q

When are people with pertussis considered to be contagious?

A

catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks)
first two weeks after cough onset

21
Q

Can you contract pertussis multiple times in your life?

A

can contract more than once
immunity wanes over time

22
Q

What are the complications of pertussis?

A

complications most often seen in infants
pneumonia
seizures
encephalopathy

23
Q

How does the pertussis vaccine come in terms of available products?

A

only available as acellular preparation in a combination vaccine
-aP = pediatric formulation (increased concentration)
-ap = adolescent/adult formulation (reduced concentration)

24
Q

Does the pertussis vaccine lead to seizures?

A

myth
-old vaccine (whole cell) –> seizures

25
Q

Should children receive the pertussis vaccine?

A

part of routine immunizations

26
Q

Describe the NACI recommendations for pertussis vaccine in adults.

A

Td booster every 10 years
-should receive Tdap x 1 to replace Td booster (vaccinate for pertussis once in adulthood)
-recommended all parents/extended family/caregivers if havent received as an adult to limit transmission to un/undervaccinated children
should receive Tdap vaccine in each pregnancy

27
Q

What causes polio?

A

viral infection caused by Poliovirus
-3 serotypes (1, 2, 3)

28
Q

How long has Canada been “polio free” for?

A

since 1994

29
Q

How is polio transmitted?

A

fecal-oral

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of polio?

A

70-95% asymptomatic
flu-like (fever, HA, sore throat), NV, weakness

31
Q

What are the complications of polio?

A

meningitis
limps
post-polio syndrome paralysis

32
Q

What are the mortality rates for polio?

A

paralytic polio:
-children 2-5%
-adults 15-30%

33
Q

How does the polio vaccine come in terms of available products?

A

inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine
-available as combo vaccine (Tdap-IPV) or individually
-vaccine contains 3 types of wild poliovirus - trivalent

34
Q

Which version of the polio vaccine has been phased out in Canada and why?

A

live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV)
-associated with paralytic polio
-used internationally

35
Q

When is the polio vaccine typically given?

A

childhood

36
Q

Do adults need a polio booster?

A

no routine booster
-booster if increased risk of exposure

37
Q

What causes Haemophilus influenzae type b?

A

bacterial infection caused by H. influenzae serotype b
-6 serotypes “a” to “f” (typeable, encapsulated)
-Hib is the most pathogenic
-since Hib vaccine, most invasive disease due to non-b H. influenzae in Canada

38
Q

How is Hib transmitted?

A

respiratory droplets

39
Q

Which patient population is most commonly impacted by Hib in Canada?

A

most commonly infects children under 5 years old

40
Q

What are the complications of Hib?

A

acute otitis media
meningitis
pneumonia
bacteremia
epiglottis
death rate up to 5%
deafness up to 20%

41
Q

How does the Hib vaccine come in terms of available products?

A

combo vaccine (DTap-IPV-Hib) or individually

42
Q

When is the Hib vaccine given?

A

childhood

43
Q

Do adults need Hib vaccine boosters?

A

no routine boosters

PHAR358 (18 decks)

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