Dimensions of inequality: Life Chances and Gender Theorists Flashcards
Catherine Hakim (1979)
Refers to occupational differences as “occupational segregation” and suggests that there are both horizontal and vertical segregation.
Olsen and Walby (2004)
They argue the main cause of women’s low pay is “systematic disadvantage in acquiring human capital”. Human Capital assumes that experience of employment increases wages, yet experience of part time work is associated with a slight reduction in wages.
Barron and Norris (1976)
A Weberian perspective, argues that there is a dual labour market, divided into two sectors: a primary sector and secondary. Barron and Norris argue that women are more likely to be found in the disadvantaged secondary sector for three reasons, womens unsuitability, disrupted career development and weak legal and political framework supporting women.
Coussins (1976)
Described the Sex Discrimination Act as ‘feeble’, as it did not apply to many areas of employment. Furthermore she doubted commitments of governments to eliminate gender inequality.
Lee
Girls often face double standards within educational institutions, their opinions and ambitions has been treated differently in contrast to male pupils. They would be negatively labelled for emphasising strong ambitions or aspiring for a non traditional career path, for example, a career which diverged away from motherhood or female dominated positions.
Report by Girl Guiding
50% of girls aged 7-21 felt they were not pushed enough to pursue a career in a STEM related subject, arguably dope to the associations surrounding feminine roles and concepts of masculinity dominating these positions.
The UK Office of National Statistics in 2020
Only 27% of STEM graduates were women, despite the outperforming of boys at a GCSE level, assuming there is a degree of discouragement.
Thomas
Societal expectations of boys often lead boys to be greatly encouraged to pursue subjects like science and maths, while girls are influenced to pursue humanities and creative subjects, arguing these are more ‘suited’ towards them. Thus limiting girls from opportunities in STEM and diverse career prospects, reinforcing gender inequality.
Jean Acker
Argues a concept of ‘gender organisation’, depicting the way in which institutional practices marginalise female voices in healthcare. Her work highlights the structure of healthcare contributes to women’s health being overlooked or dismissed by doctors. This is due to the bias of which argues that women are overtly emotional, therefore dismissing mental health issues.
National Institute of Mental Health
This survey demonstrates 40% of women felt their health concerns were not taken into account by healthcare providers, due to notions of women typically ‘overreacting’ their symptoms and therefore are acting ‘hysterical’.
Micheal Kimmel
Traditional notions of masculinity can prevent men from seeking help to healthcare professionals. Societal expectations often encourage men to be emotionally restricted, leading to a relevancy to acknowledge vulnerability.
R W Connel
Hegemonic masculinity, the stigma surrounding mental health and emotional expression.
World Health Organisation Reports
Men are 3x more likely to die from suicide them women.
McHardy in Surviving Poverty
Found the rise in the cost of living, in particular, the cost in fuels and food. This results in many lone mothers skipping meals in order to feed their children. Thus undermining their health.
Weaver
In obesity and clinical obesity, found that women were are more likely to feel pressure from media platforms to achieve thinness. Women are therefore more likely to adopt quick and unhealthy starvation diets, such as bulimia and anorexia.
Home Office
Women are more likely to be victims of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse in comparison to men, within the family.
Dobash and Dobash
Interviews women in women’s refuges in Scotland and used police and court records to research domestic violence. They found that domestic violence would be triggered by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority. They argue that marriage legitimates violence against women.
Duncomb and Marsden
Women have three roles or shifts within the family unit. This includes paid work, emotional work, and domestic labour. Due to the pressures and stresses of performing three roles, some are at risk of mental health issues, linking women to higher rates of morbidity.
