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Pre-BDS3 Radiology > Digital and Film Radiography > Flashcards

Digital and Film Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

what are the x-ray receptors used in digital radiography

A

phosphor plate
solid state sensor

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2
Q

what are the receptors used in film radiography

A

direct action film
indirect action film

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3
Q

what are the sizes of the phosphor plates

A

0,2,4

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4
Q

what is size 0 used for

A

anterior periapicals

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5
Q

what is size 2 used for

A

bitewings, posterior periapicals

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6
Q

what is size 4 used for

A

occlusal radiographs

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7
Q

what causes an x-ray shadow

A

the x-ray beam passes through an object and some of the x-ray photons are attenuated

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8
Q

what is an x-ray shadow

A

image held by x-ray photons after x-ray beam has passed through object

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9
Q

what is the interaction between the image receptor and the x-ray shadow

A

it detects the x-ray shadow and uses it to create an image

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10
Q

what does the receptor do

A

measures the x-ray intensity at defined areas

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11
Q

what is the digital image displayed as

A

grid of squares called pixels

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12
Q

what is the benefit of more pixels

A

better detail and higher resolution

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13
Q

what will increasing the resolution do

A

provide a more diagnostic image up to a limit

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14
Q

what is the issue with having more pixels

A

need more storage space so increased cost

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15
Q

how many bits are radiographs processed in

A

at least 8 bits

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16
Q

what do bits refer to

A

number of different shades of grey available

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17
Q

what does DICOM stand for

A

digital imaging and communications in medicine

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18
Q

what is DICOM

A

international standard format for handling digital medical images

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19
Q

what does DICOM allow for

A

imaging to work between different software, machines, manufacturers, hospitals, countries without compatibility issues

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20
Q

what does PACS stand for

A

picture archiving and communication system

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21
Q

what is PACS

A

medical imaging technology which provides storage and access to images

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22
Q

what are the main components of PACS

A

input by imaging modalities
secure network for the transmission of patient information
workstations for interpreting and reviewing images
archives for the storage and retrieval of images and reports

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23
Q

what kind of environment is needed to view digital radiographs

A

subdued lighting and avoiding glare

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24
Q

what should the monitor be like when viewing radiographs

A

clean, adequate display resolution, high enough brightness level, suitable contrast level

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25
after taking an x-ray how do you process it with a phosphor plate
put it in a scanner
26
how are images created using phosphor plates
phosphor crystals in receptor excited by the x-ray energy, resulting in the creation of a latent image
27
what happens to the phosphor plate inside the scanner
laser energy causes excited phosphor crystals to emit visible light which is detected and creates a digital image
28
what are the 2 types of solid state sensor
CCD (charge coupled device) CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor)
29
how are images created with a solid state sensor
latent image created and immediately read within the sensor itself
30
what is the purpose of the identification dot
aid orientation of image
31
what is used for cross infection with intra oral receptors
purpose made covers to prevent saliva contamination - single use
32
what are the advantages of the phosphor plates
thinner, lighter, flexible wireless and more stable
33
what are the disadvantages of phosphor plates
variable room light sensitivity so risk of impaired image latent image needs to be processed in scanner separately
34
what are the disadvantages of solid state sensors
bulkier and rigid wired smaller active area
35
what are the advantages of solid state sensors
more durable no issues with room light control more expensive
36
what are the layers of the intra-oral film packet
radiographic film protective black paper lead foil outer wrapper
37
what is the purpose of the protective paper
protects film form light exposure, damage by fingers and saliva
38
what is the purpose of the outer wrapper
prevents ingress of saliva indicates which side of the packet is the front
39
what is the purpose of the lead foil
absorbs some excess x-ray photons
40
what is the purpose of the radiographic film
material in which the image is formed
41
what is the radiographic film sensitive to
x-ray photons and visible light photons
42
what is the photon reaction on radiographic film
photons interact with emulsion on film to produce latent image which only becomes visible after chemical processing
43
what is the structure of the radiographic film
transparent plastic base adhesive emulsion protective coating of clear gelatin
44
what is the purpose of the transparent plastic base
supports emulsion
45
what is the purpose of the adhesive
attaches emulsion to plastic base
46
what is the purpose of the clear gelatin coating
shields the emulsion from mechanical damage
47
what crystals are embedded in the gelatin binder of a radiographic emulsion
silver halide crystals
48
what do crystals become
pixels of final image
49
what is film higher resolution than digital
due to the microscopic crystals
50
what happens to the silver halide crystals when in contact with x-rays
become sensitised
51
what happens to the silver halide crystals during processing
converted to particles of black metallic silver and non-sensitised crystals removed
52
what does the lead foil do
absorb some excess photons
53
what is film speed
amount of x-ray exposure required to produce an adequate image
54
what does increased film speed do
decrease radiation required to achieve an image
55
what is film speed affected by
number and size of silver halide crystals
56
what is the purpose of intensifying screens
reduce radiation dose but also reduce detail
57
what do intensifying screens do
release visible light upon exposure to x-rays which creates latent image on film
58
where must film processing be carried out
under controlled, standardised conditions to ensure consistent image quality
59
what are the different methods of film processing
manual, automated self developing
60
what are the steps of film processing
developing washing fixing washing drying
61
what is the developing phase of film processing
converts sensitised crystals to black metallic silver particles
62
what is the first washing phase of film processing
removes residual developer solution
63
what is the fixing phase of the film processing
removes non-sensitised crystals hardens emulsion
64
what is the second washing phase of film processing
removes residual fixer solution
65
what is the drying phase of film processing
removes water so that film is ready to be stored
66
what is involved in a manual cycle
person dips film into different tanks of chemicals at precise concentrations/temperatures for specific periods of time
67
where must manual processing be carried out
in a dark room with light tightness and adequate ventilation
68
what is involved in the automated processing cycle
steps carried out in a machine where film goes in one end and out the other
69
how do you open a film packet for automated processing
disinfect packet hold packet under hood of processor unit peel back flap of outer wrapper fold back lead foil pull back paper flap hold film by edges insert film into processor
70
what are the issues with developing
chemical reaction affected by time, temperature and concentration of solution solution can oxidise in air and become less effective
71
what are the causes of pale images
exposure issue (radiation exposure factors too low) developing issue - film removed from solution too early/solution too cold/solution too dilate/old
72
what are the issues with fixing
inadequate fixing means non-sensitised crystals left behind - can be greenish/milky and become brown
73
what is the issues with washing
developer and fixer solution will continue to act if not washed
74
what are the advantages of digital radiography
no need for chemical processing easy storage and archiving easy back up of images images can be integrated into records easy transfer/sharing of images images can be manipulated
75
what are the disadvantages of digital radiography
worse resolution requires diagnostic level computer monitors for optimal viewing risk of data corruption/loss hard copy print outs have less image quality image enhancement can create misleading images

Pre-BDS3 Radiology (17 decks)

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