digestive/urinary Flashcards
The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.
retroperitoneal
Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra?
L1 or L2
Which gland sits atop each kidney?
adrenal
The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.
hilum, renal corpuscle
Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?
pararenal fat
Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?
perirenal and pararenal fat layers and renal fascia
The most superficial layer of the kidney is the
Cortex
A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.
sinus
Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.
minor calyx
Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the
renal pelvis
Which vessels lie within the renal columns?
interlobar arteries
Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order?
segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery
Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?
evaporation
Which of the following structures are most numerous within a kidney?
renal corpuscles
Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?
the nephron loop
Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.
glomerulus
The layer of podocytes is the same as the
visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?
granular cells
The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the
proximal tubule.
An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that
the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.
The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the
proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?
descending limb of the nephron loop
Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?
collecting duct
The function of the collecting duct is to
determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are
openings of papillary ducts.
An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to
an increase in the production of antidiuretic hormone.
85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.
cortical
Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that
their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla?
nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa is part of the
terminal nephron loop.
The region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate is called the
macula densa
Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are
cortical radiate arteries.
How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?
1%
Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.
vasa recta
An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that
the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.
Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.
afferent arteriole
Renin is produced in
the granular cells.
Urine passes through the
renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.
The ureters
have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.
Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?
In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.
The neck, or inferior angle, of the bladder drains into the
urethra.
The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is
transitional.
Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.
detrusor
The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the
internal urethral orifice.
Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is
simple squamous.
Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false?
It is surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm.
Which of the following would not inhibit micturition?
relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by
parasympathetic fibers.
What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?
In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
The ________ attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.
lesser omentum
Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
falciform ligament
Another name for the serosa covering many organs of the digestive system is
visceral peritoneum.
Which of the following correctly describes a function of the greater omentum?
It stores fat.
Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ?
spleen
Which of the following is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ?
descending colon
Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called
absorption.
Layer of the GI tract responsible for segmentation.
muscularis externa
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another?
muscularis externa
Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion?
chief cell; pepsinogen
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine?
It is the main site of nutrient absorption.
The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the
large intestine.
Which of the following is not contained in saliva?
enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
Why are bacteria abundant in the large intestines but not in the stomach?
Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach.
The layer of the digestive tube that contains abundant elastin plus blood vessels, lymphoid nodules, and deep glands is the
submucosa.
The largest salivary gland is the
parotid
Which of the following statements about the large intestine is false?
It is longer than the small intestine.
Which of the following applies to the small intestine?
Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.
All of the following structures have four tissue layers in their walls except the
mouth
The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme.
duodenal glands
In mastication, the relative roles of an incisor versus a molar are
biting off pieces of food versus grinding.
Which of the following statements about the duodenum is false?
It is more movable than the ileum or jejunum, which are retroperitoneal.
Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx?
muscularis mucosae
Which of the following is not a characteristic of enteroendocrine cells?
They are scattered throughout the lining of the rectum.
The splenic flexure is the boundary between the
ileum
The correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external, is
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
In the stomach, the undifferentiated epithelial stem cells lie near the junction of the gastric pits and gastric glands. In the intestine, the corresponding stem cells occur
deep within the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn).
Disease of which structure is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults?
periodontal ligament
The parietal cells in the stomach produce
intrinsic factor and HCl.
Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis?
hepatic veins
What is the function of the gallbladder?
storage of bile
Union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts.
common bile duct
The pancreas contains all of the following regions except a
hilum.
Which of the following is not a function of hepatocytes?
producing digestive enzymes
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged?
lipids
