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ANA FINAL > digestive/urinary > Flashcards

digestive/urinary Flashcards

1
Q

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.

A

retroperitoneal

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2
Q

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra?

A

L1 or L2

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3
Q

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

A

adrenal

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4
Q

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.

A

hilum, renal corpuscle

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5
Q

Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?

A

pararenal fat

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6
Q

Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?

A

perirenal and pararenal fat layers and renal fascia

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7
Q

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the

A

Cortex

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8
Q

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.

A

sinus

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9
Q

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.

A

minor calyx

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10
Q

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the

A

renal pelvis

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11
Q

Which vessels lie within the renal columns?

A

interlobar arteries

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12
Q

Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order?

A

segmental artery — interlobar artery — arcuate artery — cortical radiate artery

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13
Q

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?

A

evaporation

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14
Q

Which of the following structures are most numerous within a kidney?

A

renal corpuscles

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15
Q

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?

A

the nephron loop

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16
Q

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.

A

glomerulus

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17
Q

The layer of podocytes is the same as the

A

visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

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18
Q

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?

A

granular cells

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19
Q

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the

A

proximal tubule.

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20
Q

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that

A

the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.

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21
Q

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

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22
Q

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?

A

descending limb of the nephron loop

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23
Q

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?

A

collecting duct

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24
Q

The function of the collecting duct is to

A

determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

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25
Q

If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are

A

openings of papillary ducts.

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26
Q

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to

A

an increase in the production of antidiuretic hormone.

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27
Q

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.

A

cortical

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28
Q

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that

A

their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

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29
Q

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla?

A

nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons

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30
Q

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa is part of the

A

terminal nephron loop.

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31
Q

The region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate is called the

A

macula densa

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32
Q

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are

A

cortical radiate arteries.

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33
Q

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?

A

1%

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34
Q

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.

A

vasa recta

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35
Q

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that

A

the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

36
Q

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.

A

afferent arteriole

37
Q

Renin is produced in

A

the granular cells.

38
Q

Urine passes through the

A

renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

39
Q

The ureters

A

have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

40
Q

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?

A

In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

41
Q

The neck, or inferior angle, of the bladder drains into the

A

urethra.

42
Q

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is

A

transitional.

43
Q

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.

A

detrusor

44
Q

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the

A

internal urethral orifice.

45
Q

Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is

A

simple squamous.

46
Q

Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false?

A

It is surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm.

47
Q

Which of the following would not inhibit micturition?

A

relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

48
Q

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by

A

parasympathetic fibers.

49
Q

What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

A

In females the urethra is shorter than in males.

50
Q

The ________ attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

A

lesser omentum

51
Q

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

A

falciform ligament

52
Q

Another name for the serosa covering many organs of the digestive system is

A

visceral peritoneum.

53
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a function of the greater omentum?

A

It stores fat.

54
Q

Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ?

A

spleen

55
Q

Which of the following is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ?

A

descending colon

56
Q

Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called

A

absorption.

57
Q

Layer of the GI tract responsible for segmentation.

A

muscularis externa

58
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another?

A

muscularis externa

59
Q

Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion?

A

chief cell; pepsinogen

60
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine?

A

It is the main site of nutrient absorption.

61
Q

The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the

A

large intestine.

62
Q

Which of the following is not contained in saliva?

A

enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins

63
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

64
Q

Why are bacteria abundant in the large intestines but not in the stomach?

A

Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach.

65
Q

The layer of the digestive tube that contains abundant elastin plus blood vessels, lymphoid nodules, and deep glands is the

A

submucosa.

66
Q

The largest salivary gland is the

A

parotid

67
Q

Which of the following statements about the large intestine is false?

A

It is longer than the small intestine.

68
Q

Which of the following applies to the small intestine?

A

Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals.

69
Q

All of the following structures have four tissue layers in their walls except the

A

mouth

70
Q

The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme.

A

duodenal glands

71
Q

In mastication, the relative roles of an incisor versus a molar are

A

biting off pieces of food versus grinding.

72
Q

Which of the following statements about the duodenum is false?

A

It is more movable than the ileum or jejunum, which are retroperitoneal.

73
Q

Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx?

A

muscularis mucosae

74
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enteroendocrine cells?

A

They are scattered throughout the lining of the rectum.

75
Q

The splenic flexure is the boundary between the

A

ileum

76
Q

The correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external, is

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

77
Q

In the stomach, the undifferentiated epithelial stem cells lie near the junction of the gastric pits and gastric glands. In the intestine, the corresponding stem cells occur

A

deep within the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn).

78
Q

Disease of which structure is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults?

A

periodontal ligament

79
Q

The parietal cells in the stomach produce

A

intrinsic factor and HCl.

80
Q

Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis?

A

hepatic veins

81
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

storage of bile

82
Q

Union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts.

A

common bile duct

83
Q

The pancreas contains all of the following regions except a

A

hilum.

84
Q

Which of the following is not a function of hepatocytes?

A

producing digestive enzymes

85
Q

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged?

A

lipids

ANA FINAL (6 decks)

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