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Patho 2 > Digestive System part 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System part 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Two major functions of the digestive system

A

-Digestion
-Metabolism

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2
Q

Digestion

A

-Breakdown of ingested food
-Absorption of nutrients into the blood

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

-Production of cellular energy (ATP)
-Anabolic (build) and Catabolic (break down) pathways

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4
Q

Two main groups of organs

A

-Alimentary/GI
-Accessory

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5
Q

Alimentary canal

A

-Continuous coiled hollow tube from mouth to anus

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6
Q

Alimentary tract organs

A

-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small intestine
-Large intestine
-Rectum
-Anus

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7
Q

Accessory organs

A

-Salivary glands
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas

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8
Q

Processes of the mouth

A

-Mastication of food
-Mixing masticated food with saliva
-Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
-Allowing for the sense of taste

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9
Q

The three regions of the pharynx (superior to inferior)

A

-Nasopharynx
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

Nasopharynx

A

-Air
-Not part of GI

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11
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity

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12
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

-Where we swallow food
-Below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus

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13
Q

Pharynx function

A

-Serves as a passageway for air and food
-Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers → peristalsis

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14
Q

Which is anterior - the esophagus or trachea?

A

-Trachea
-Air in the front food in the back

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15
Q

Esophagus

A

-Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
-Conducts food by peristalsis
-Passageway for food only

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16
Q

What are the four layers (tissues) of the alimentary canal organs from innermost to outermost layer?

A

-Mucosa (helps food slide + traps germs)
-Submucosa
-Muscle layers
-Serosa

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17
Q

What is the name of the sphincter between the esophagus and the beginning of the stomach?

A

-Cardioesophageal sphincter

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18
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

-Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
-Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter

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19
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

-Cardiac region
-Fundus - chemical breakdown
-Body - chemical breakdown
-Pylorus - funnel shaped terminal end

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20
Q

Food empties into the small intestine at the

A

Pyloric sphincter

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21
Q

Rugae

A

Internal fold of the mucosa

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22
Q

Stomach functions
Anal sex can’t deliver

A

-Acts as a storage tank for food
-Site of breakdown
-Chemical breakdown of protein begins
-Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine

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23
Q

What are the specialized cells and tissues of the stomach? All simple columnar epithelium

A

-Mucous neck cells
-Gastric glands
-Chief cells
-Parietal cells
-Endocrine cells

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24
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Produce a sticky alkaline mucus

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25
Q

Gastric glands

A

Secrete gastric juice

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26
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce protein digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

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27
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce hydrochloric acid

28
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Produce gastrin

29
Q

What is the main job of the small intestine?

A

-Major digestive organ
-Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
-Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
-Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

30
Q

Sections of the small intestine

A

-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum

31
Q

What substance enters the small intestine from the gall bladder?

A

Bile

32
Q

Chemical digestion in the small intestine

A

-Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme
-intestinal cells
-pancreas

33
Q

Villi of the small intestine

A

-Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa
-Absorption
-Gives the small intestine more surface area

34
Q

Microvilli of the small intestine

A

-Small projections of the plasma membrane
-Found on absorptive cells

35
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries

36
Q

Sections of the large intestine

A

-Ascending
-Transverse
-Descending
-Sigmoidal

37
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

-Absorption of water
-Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
-Does not participate in digestion of food
-Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant

38
Q

Cecum

A

Saclike first part of the large intestine

39
Q

Appendix

A

-Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed
-Hangs from the cecum

40
Q

Salivary gland

A

-Parotid glands: located anterior to ear
-Submandibular glands
-Sublingual glands

41
Q

Saliva

A

-Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
-Helps to form a food bolus
-Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion
-Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

42
Q

Pancreas

A

-Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food
-Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum

43
Q

Endocrine products of pancreas

A

-Insulin
-Glucagons

44
Q

The duct that connects the liver to the gall bladder

A

Common hepatic duct

45
Q

Liver

A

-Largest gland in the body
-Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
-Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall

46
Q

What is stored in the gall bladder and what is its function?

A

-Bile
-Produced by cells in the liver

47
Q

Composition of bile

A

-Bile salts
-Bile pigment
-Cholesterol
-Phospholipids
-Electrolytes

48
Q

Gall bladder

A

-Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
-Stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct
-Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty foods
-Gallstones can cause blockage

49
Q

Processes of the digestive system

A

-Ingestion
-Propulsion
-Peristalsis
-Segmentation

50
Q

Ingestion

A

Getting food into the mouth

51
Q

Propulsion

A

Moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another

52
Q

Peristalsis

A

Alternating waves of contraction

53
Q

Segmentation

A

Moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing

54
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

-Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
-Churning of food in the stomach
-Segmentation in the small intestine

55
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks
-Each major food group uses different enzymes

56
Q

Carbohydrates are broken to

A

Simple sugars

57
Q

Proteins are broken to

A

Amino acids

58
Q

Fats are broken to

A

Fatty acids and alcohols

59
Q

Factors that control digestion

A

-Controlled by reflexes via the parasympathetic division
-Chemical and mechanical receptors are located in organ walls that trigger reflexes

60
Q

Stimuli

A

-Stretch of the organ
-pH of the contents
-Presence of breakdown products

61
Q

Reflexes

A

-Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions
-Smooth muscle activity

62
Q

Digestive activities of the mouth

A

-Mechanical: food is physically broken down by chewing
-Chemical: food is mixed with saliva, breaking of starch into maltose by salivary amylase

63
Q

Deglutition (swallowing)
Buccal phase

A

-Voluntary
-Occurs in mouth
-Food is formed into a bolus
-The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue

64
Q

What two substances are absorbed in the stomach?

A

-Alcohol
-Aspirin

65
Q

Protein digesting enzymes

A

-Pepsin: an active protein digesting enzyme
-Renin: works on digesting milk protein

Patho 2 (9 decks)

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