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Patho 2 > A+P Nervous System > Flashcards

A+P Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

-12 cranial nerves
-31 spinal nerves

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3
Q

Neurons

A

-Specialized cells that carry “messages” through an electrochemical process
-Brain has around 100 billion

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4
Q

Neurons have specialized extensions called

A

-Dendrites
-Axons

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

-Info to cell body
-Rough surface (dendritic spines)
-Many dendrites per cell
-Ribosomes
-No myelin insulation
-Branch near cell body

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6
Q

Axons

A

-Info away from cell body
-Smooth surface
-Generally only one axon per cell
-No ribosomes
-Can have myelin
-Branch further from the cell body

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7
Q

Neurons communicate with each other through an

A

Electrochemical process

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8
Q

Neurons contains some specialized structures and chemicals

A

-Synapses
-Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Irritability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli

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10
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability to transmit an impulse

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11
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

-2 processes extending from the cell body
-EX: retinal cells, olfactory epithelium cells

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar or unipolar cells

A

-2 axons rather than an axon and dendrite
-One axon extends centrally toward the spinal cord, the other extends toward the skin or muscle

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13
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

-Many processes extending from cell body
-Although only one of these is the axon

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14
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

-Non neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, participate in signal transmission in the NS
-the glue
-Insulation
-Destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons

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15
Q

Differences in glial cells

A

-Neurons have 2 processes called axons and dendrites
-Glial cells only have one

-Neurons can generate action potentials
-Glial cells cannot (but they do have a resting potential)

-Neurons have synapses that use neurotransmitters
-Glial cells do not have chemical synapses

-Neurons do not continue to divide
-Glial cells do continue to divide

-10 to 50 times more glial cells compared to # of neurons

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16
Q

Supporting cells of PNS

A

-Schwann
-Nodes of ranvier
-Satellite

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

-Successive wrapping of the cell membrane form the insulating myelin sheath
-The outer surface encased in glycoprotein basement membrane which forms the sheath of schwann

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18
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

-Unmyelinated areas between adjacent schwann cells
-Nerve impulses are generated at these areas

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19
Q

Satellite cells

A

Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia

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20
Q

Supporting cells of CNS

A

-Oligodendrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the CNS
-Each has extensions that form insulating myelin sheaths around several axons

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes, migratory

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles and secrete CSF

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

-Most abundant glial cell
-Star shaped cells that provide physical nutritional support for neurons
-Clean up brain “debris”
-Transport nutrients to neurons
-Hold neurons in place
-Digest parts of dead neurons
-Regulate content of extracellular space

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25
Q

How neurons work (5 steps)

A
  1. reception
  2. transmission
  3. data interpretation
  4. transmission
  5. response
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26
Q

Reception

A

Receptors in the skin sense stimuli

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27
Q

Transmission (2)

A

Sensory neurons transmit the touch message

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28
Q

Data interpretation

A

Information is sorted and interpreted

29
Q

Transmission (4)

A

Motor neurons transmit a response message to a muscle

30
Q

Response

A

Muscles are activated causing a response

31
Q

Impulse transmission

A

-Start with a resting neuron; one NOT transmitting an impulse
-Plasma membrane controls [] of ions inside the cell
-Na+ and K+ on both sides of membrane
-Na+ higher conc outside
-K+ higher conc inside

32
Q

How an impulse travels

A

-Stimulus excites a neuron
-Na+ channels open, Na+ build up inside
-Inside more + than outside
-Change in charge (depolarization)
-Membrane immediately behind depolarization returns to resting state
-Resting state: inside neg, outside pos

33
Q

Resting state

A

-A neuron is not conducting an impulse
-The K+ concentration is much higher inside the cell than out
-The Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than in

34
Q

Depolarization

A

-A nerve cell is stimulated
-Membrane becomes permeable to Na+ for an instant and they quickly move into the cell
-The inner surface of the cell membrane is now more positively charged than the outside

35
Q

Repolarization

A

When the cell membrane becomes depolarized, K+ automatically leaves the cell until the cell is back to its resting state

36
Q

The impulse travels

A

-“Wave” of depolarization: transmission of an impulse along length of axon
-All or nothing threshold
-Covered by myelin sheath
-Myelin sheath causes the ion exchange to occur only at the nodes which speeds up the process
-For a short time after, depolarization, the neuron cannot be stimulated

37
Q

Brain is wrapped in 3 layers of connective tissue = ?

A

meninges

38
Q

Innermost layer

A

-Pia mater
-Covers/bound to surface of brain; fibrous layer

39
Q

Arachnoid

A

-Thin, elastic, weblike layer between pia mater and dura mater

40
Q

Outer layer

A

-Dura mater
-Thick connective tissue

41
Q

Between the pia mater and the arachnoid

A

CSF

42
Q

CSF

A

Clear liquid that protects the brain from mechanical injury by acting as a shock absorber

43
Q

Cerebrum

A

-Responsible for higher mental functions
-Control center
-Voluntary/conscious activities of body
-Corpus callosum: major tract of axons that functionally interconnects right and left cerebral hemispheres
-Ridges = gyri
-Grooves = sulcus
-Contains thick layers of unmyelinated neurons = gray matter

44
Q

Folded outer surface of cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex (consists of gray matter)

45
Q

Inner surface of cerebrum

A

Cerebral medulla (made up of myelinated axons = white matter)

46
Q

Left hemisphere of cerebrum

A

Analytical and mathematical ability

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates muscle movements, controls balance, posture, coordination

48
Q

Brain stem

A

-Serves as the place of entry or exit for 10/12 cranial nerves
-Lowest part = medulla oblongata
-Controls involuntary functions: breathing, BP, HR, digestion, swallowing, coughing

49
Q

Above medulla

A

Pons

50
Q

Above pons

A

Midbrain

51
Q

Midbrain

A

Hearing and vision

52
Q

Thalamus

A

-Switch station for sensory input
-Epithalamus contains choroid plexus where CSF is formed
-Immediately below thalamus is hypothalamus

53
Q

Pituitary gland

A

-Ant. pituitary: regulates secretion of hormones of other endocrine glands

54
Q

Sensory input and motor output

A

PNS

55
Q

Sensory input

A

Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensory receptors, carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS

56
Q

Motor output

A

Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS, innervate muscles and glands

57
Q

PNS efferent division

A

Transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS

58
Q

Somatic afferent fibers

A

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

59
Q

Visceral afferent fibers

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs

60
Q

PNS efferent division

A

Motor (efferent) division: transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs
2 subdivisions

61
Q

Somatic NS

A

Provides conscious control of skeletal muscles

62
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

63
Q

Proprioceptive senses

A

Detect stretch in tendons and muscle provide information on body position, orientation and movement of body in space

64
Q

General somatic motor

A

Signals contraction of skeletal muscles
Voluntary control

65
Q

Visceral motor

A

Makes up autonomic NS
Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle, controls function of visceral organs

66
Q

ANS 2 divisions

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

67
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

68
Q

Parasympathetic

A

-Feed and breed
-Rest and digest
-Relaxing effects: decreases HR, dilates visceral blood vessels, increases digestive activity

Patho 2 (9 decks)

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