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Digestive system overview Flashcards

1
Q

muscosal protective system

A

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)

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2
Q

regulation and coordination of digestion

A

via enteric neurons (intrinsic autonomic neurons) and hormones produced by endocrine cells in the mucosal epithelium

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3
Q

Role of coordinated effort of sympathetic/parasympathetic inputs

A

coordination of peristalsis, effects on blood vessels and glands

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4
Q

Layers of the digestive system, from lumen to mesentary

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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5
Q

mucosa

A

epithelial layer, well-vascularized lamina propria (contains lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

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6
Q

submucosa

A

more dense connective tissue than muscosa, larger blood vessels, nerve plexi, glands, lymph nodes

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7
Q

muscularis externa

A

inner circularly and outer longitudinally arranged layers of smooth muscle and nerve plexes.

peristalsis and churning of lumen contents

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8
Q

serosa/adventitia

A

covering of squamous epithelial cells

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9
Q

esophagus

A

non-cornified squamous epithalium.
upper = skeletal muscle under voluntary control
midway = mix of skeletal/smooth muscle
lower 1/3 = smooth muscle

small, incomplete sphincter c maintained muscular contraction –| reflux

lacks thick mucous covering –> burning sensation on reflux, ulceration

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10
Q

3 histological regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, pyloris

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11
Q

cardia

A

small area of mucus-secreting glands around the entry of the esophagus

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12
Q

fundus

A

main body of the stomach

secretes acid, peptic digestive products and mucus

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13
Q

pyloris

A

secretes mucus

endocrine cells –> gastrin

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14
Q

muscularis externa of the stomach

A

circular, longitudinal, and OBLIQUE layers

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15
Q

gastric pits

A

spaces between epithelial folds of the gastric epithelium

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16
Q

gastric glands

A

at bottom of mucus-secreting gastric pits

differentiated epithelial cells –> digestion of food at acidic pH

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17
Q

How often are surface cells of the gastric epithelium replaced?

A

every 3-5 days

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18
Q

rate of turnover for differentiated cells deep in the gastric glands

A

6-12 mo

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19
Q

location of gastric stem cells

A

upper neck region of gastric pit –> upward as mucus secreting cells, downward as gastric gland cells

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20
Q

surface mucous cells

A

secrete mucin and bicarbonate –> viscous protective layer

covered by glycocalyx (layer of glycoproteins)

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21
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

acid converts to pepsin (protease)

multiply through division or stem cells

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22
Q

parietal cells

A

pump H+ ions via H/K ATPase into lumen of the gastric glands –> pH of 1 - 1.5

energy-demanding –> increased mitochondria

secrete intrinsic factor –> B12 uptake

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23
Q

gastrin and histamine

A

stimulate acid secretion by parietal cells

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24
Q

excessive secretion of gastrin –> overproduction of HCl by parietal cells –> duodenal ulcers (increased acid cannot be neutralized)

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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25
Enteroendocrine cells
one of the APUD (amine precursor uptake decarboxylation) cells oriented toward the vascular side --> release to blood stream
26
G cells
stomach and small intestine gastrin secretion --> HCl secretion, contraction/relaxation of pyloric sphincter, proliferation of regenerative cells of stomach
27
A cells
stomach and small intestine Glucagon --> glycogenolysis by hepatocytes --> elevated blood glucose
28
EC cells
stomach, small/large intestines serotonin --> increased peristalsis substance P
29
D cells
stomach, small/large intestines inhibits release of hormones by enteroendocrine cells in its vicinity
30
I cells
small intestine cholecystokinin --> release of pancreatic hormone, contraction of gall bladder
31
K cells
small intestine gastric inhibitory peptide --> inhibition of HCl secretion
32
Mo cells
small intestine Motilin --> increased intestinal peristalsis
33
S cells
small intestine secretin --> stimulates release of bicarb-rich fluid from pancreas
34
relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
acidic chyme enters the duodenum
35
digestion in the duodenum
result of pancreatic enzymes and surface enzymes of the intestinal mucosa (in glycocalyx)
36
plicae circulares
transverse folds --> increased intestinal surface area --> better absorption villi --> 8-fold increase in SA best developed in jejunum
37
enterocytes
absorptive/digestive epithelial cells microvilli --> 30-fold increase in SA take up fatty acids and monoglycerides from gut lumen --> di and triglycerides --> release to opposite side of enterocytes
38
goblet cells
secrete mucous for protection/lubrication ileum > jejunum > duodenum
39
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
tubular glands continuous with surface epithelium stem cells abundant in lower 1/3 --> mucous cells, enterocytes, Paneth cells
40
Paneth cells
contain large, eosinophilic granules, which contain defensins (antibacterials), lysozymes and phospholipase
41
Brunner's glands
release bicarbonate into Crypts of Lieberkuhn --> neutralize acid from acidic chyme also secrete mucins Duodenum
42
Lacteal
lymphatic vessel in lamina propria of intestinal villi --> larger lymphatics --> thoracic duct --> bloodstream takes in fluid from the lumen of the intestine, and transports chylomicrons (lipoprotein droplets) exocytosed by enterocytes
43
hepatic portal system
takes nutrients from gut capillaries to the liver
44
immune response of the gut
M cells in Peyer's patches = APCs --> present to lymphocytes and macrophages --> plasma cell IgA release --> IgA trancytosed to lumenal surface, where they serve as antibacterials
45
pancreatic acinar cells
arranged at the end of a common duct basal portion full of rough ER --> proteins for secretion apical portion full of zymogen granules (require partial degradation to become active)
46
exocrine pancreas
organized into clusters of pancreatic acinar cells release trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, triacylglycerol lipase
47
activation of trypsinogen
proteolytic cleavage by enterokinase on epithelial enterocytes --> trypsin --> activation of other zymogens by proteolysis
48
two enzymes released by the pancreas in ACTIVE form
amylase (degrades starch and glucose) and ribonuclease
49
sphincter of Oddi
entry of pancreatic duct/common bile duct into the duodenum
50
controls pancreatic secretion
secretin and cholycystokinin
51
98% of pancreatic volume is dedicated to
exocrine function
52
two major disaccharide products of amylase digestion
maltose and isomaltose (broken down by maltase and isomaltase --> glucose)
53
cleaves lactose to glucose and galactose
lactase
54
lack of lactase
bacteria utilize lactose --> bloating and diarrhea
55
muscularis externa of small intestine
inner circular and outer longitudinal layers innervated by myenteric nerve plexus of Auerbach
56
Large intestine
smooth, lacks plicae and villi
57
two cell types of large intestine
mucous-producing and absorptive cells
58
main function of large intestine
recovery of water and salt during concentration of fecal matter
59
3 main salivary glands
submandibular, sublingual, parotid acinar design
60
parotid gland
serous secretor watery c amylase, RNase, DNase
61
submandibular gland
mixed serous/mucous secretor
62
sublingual gland
mucous secretor lubricative and protective

GI (19 decks)

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