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Bio Digestive Unit > Digestive System Lessons 1-2 > Flashcards

Digestive System Lessons 1-2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

components to digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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2
Q

what is the mouth bound by

A

cheeks and lips

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3
Q

when does mechanical digestion begin

A

when the food is chewed(masticated) and shaped into a ball(bolus)

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4
Q

what is the tongue responsible for

A

moving and tasting food inside the mouth

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5
Q

what is the tongue composed of

A

skeletal muscles

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6
Q

what is taste? how is it performed?

A

taste is a type of chemoreception and it is performed by using the taste buds on a tongue

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7
Q

how do taste buds work?

A

taste buds absorb molecules and send signals to the brain to identify the molecule that was sensed

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8
Q

what are teeth responsible for

A

the mechanical breakdown of food

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9
Q

what are teeth? how are they used?

A

teeth are the hardest substances in the human body and are used with jaw muscles to break down food into smaller bits

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10
Q

how many baby teeth do children have

A

20

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11
Q

how many teeth would we have after losing our baby teeth

A

32

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12
Q

describe how teeth are stuck to our gums and the components

A

anchored in the gums by long root extensions, our teeth are layered with enamel, dentin and pulp which house blood vessels in the center

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13
Q

the 3 types of teeth

A

incisors, canines, molars

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14
Q

what are incisors usually used for

A

cutting and plucking(usually plant matter)

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15
Q

what are canines usually used for

A

tearing(usually flesh)

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16
Q

what are molars usually used for

A

crushing and grinding(usually plant matter)

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17
Q

what is the roof of the mouth called

A

the palate

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18
Q

what is the function of the palate

A

it is used to separate two cavities from one another; the nasal cavity and the mouth cavity

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19
Q

what is the palate composed of

A

hard palate and soft palate

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20
Q

if a child was born without the full formation of the palate, what would they have?

A

a cleft palate

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21
Q

what are salivary glands

A

3 paired regions of epithelial tissue that produce saliva

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22
Q

what is saliva used for

A

to assist chemical digestion

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23
Q

what is the hard palate composed of

A

bone

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24
Q

what is the soft palate composed of

A

muscles

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25
Q

what is saliva composed of

A

98% water, along with epithelial cells, white blood cells, antimicrobial agents, electrolytes, mucus and enzymes

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26
Q

what is the most important enzyme in saliva

A

salivary amylase

27
Q

what is the function of salivary amylase

A

to break down starch into maltose

28
Q

how does salivary amylase break it down

A

it uses hydrolysis

29
Q

what is the pharynx

A

the region between the mouth and the esophagus where the digestive and respiratory systems intersect

30
Q

what is the pharynx used for

A

to act as a gate that allows the appropriate material to pass into the proper tube

31
Q

how does the pharynx function

A

uses flaps of tissue to close off one system when the other is in use

32
Q

what prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

A

the uvula and soft palate

33
Q

how do the uvula and soft palate prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

A

it blocks the nasopharynx

34
Q

what is the entry to the trachea called

A

the glottis

35
Q

what blocks the glottis to prevent food from going into our trachea(and then into our lungs)

A

the epiglottis

36
Q

how is food blocked from the glottis?

A

the trachea rises up to use the epiglottis to block it

37
Q

what is the esophagus

A

a long and muscular tube

38
Q

what is the function of the esophagus

A

acts as a pathway for food to travel from the pharynx to the stomach

39
Q

appearance of the esophagus when there is no food

A

collapsed

40
Q

what is the function of valves in our body

A

to prevent the risk of backflow when the tubes in our body are empty

41
Q

where does the esophagus terminate/stop

A

at the lower esophageal sphincter

42
Q

what is a sphincter

A

a ring-shaped muscle

43
Q

what is the function of a sphincter

A

capable of contracting in on itself, it seals the space in the center, allowing the regulation of the passage of materials through it

44
Q

when would the lower esophageal sphincter be closed and why

A

it is closed when food is being digested to prevent the acidic components of the stomach from going back up

45
Q

what is rugae

A

thick folds in the stomach

46
Q

what is the function of rugae

A

increases the surface area in the stomach to allow for expansion

47
Q

what are the walls in the stomach composed of and what is their function

A

smooth muscle, used to assist in mechanical digestion

48
Q

what is in the stomach’s lumen

A

mucous cells

49
Q

what are mucous cells in the stomach used for

A

to secrete mucous that lines the inner walls to protect the lining from stomach acid

50
Q

how is mechanical digestion performed in the stomach

A

contraction of the stomach’s muscular portion, churning the food and breaking it into smaller portions

51
Q

how is chemical digestion performed in the stomach

A

by using several important molecules that exist in solution

52
Q

what do the important molecules in the stomach do during chemical digestion

A

they begin protein digestion

53
Q

what is the acidic fluid responsible for chemical digestion

A

gastric juice

54
Q

what is gastric juice composed of

A

HCL, electrolytes, and organic molecules

55
Q

what are the electrolytes present in gastric juice

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate and bicarbonate

56
Q

what are the organic molecules present in gastric juice

A

gastrins, pepsins and others

57
Q

what is HCL and what is its function

A

a strong acid(has a low pH nearing 2), it breaks down the connective tissue in food, kills bacteria and enables the absorption of vitamin B

58
Q

what is pepsinogen and what is its function

A

a molecule that is converted into pepsin when exposed to HCL and is responsible for converting proteins into smaller polypeptide chains

59
Q

what is gastrin and what is its function

A

a hormone that begins digestion in the stomach.

60
Q

How is the production and secretion of gastric juice enabled

A

gastrin is absorbed by the stomach, the transported through the bloodstream to cells lining the stomach. it is secreted by the stomach cells upon sensing the stretching of stomach walls

61
Q

after 2-6 hours in the stomach, describe the food.

A

it is partially digested with a soupy consistency, and it is called chyme

62
Q

how will chyme leave the stomach

A

through the bottom of the stomach called the pyloric sphincter

63
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter

A

a ring-shaped muscle that can contract itself to prevent the passage of materials

64
Q

how does the pyloric sphincter work and why

A

it opens and closes repeatedly to only allow small amounts of chyme to pass through at a time

Bio Digestive Unit (4 decks)

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