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DEMS unit 1 > Digestive System Histology > Flashcards

Digestive System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structure of GI

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

mucosa components

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue usually more dense than mucosa, larger blood vessels, nerve plexes, glands, lymphatic nodules

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4
Q

lamina propria

A

vascularized connective tissue deep to epithelium

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5
Q

what types of immune cells in mucosa

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

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6
Q

Serosa

A

outer covering of epithelial cells separated from muscularis by thin connective tissue; called adventitia in esophagus above diaphragm where outer squamous layer absent

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7
Q

Esophagus purpose

A

pass food from pharynx to stomach; no digestive function

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8
Q

Esophagus epithelial cells

A

non-cornified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

muscle in esophagus

A

upper part – skeletal
lower 1/3 - solely smooth
middle = mix

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10
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

- not true sphincter but incomplete sphincter maintain contraction to prevent reflux

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11
Q

stomach regions

A 
cardia= small area of mucus-secreting glands around esophageal entry
fundus= main body secreting acid, peptic digestive products, and mucus
pyloris = secretes mainly mucus and relative preponderance of endocrine cells secreting gastrin
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12
Q

what is different about stomach

A
  • rugae/plicae mucosa= longitudinal folds that disappear upon distention
  • mucosal structure
  • third oblique layer of smooth muscle just lumenally to circular mucosal layer
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13
Q

how is stomach mucosal structure different

A

mucous secreting cells arranged in folds separated by gastric pits that secrete mucous

  • pit epithelium changes and continues deep into mucosa as 1 or more gastric glands
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14
Q

where are gastric stem cells

A

in upper neck region of gastric pit epithlium; they divide and rise upward to mucous secreting cells or downward to specialized cells in gastric glands

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15
Q

surface mucous cells

A

release vesicles of stomach mucins/bicarb to coat surface; glycocalyx covers microvilli

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16
Q

chief cells in stomach

A

protein secretors with apical granules and elaborate RER

- mainly secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in presence of acid

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17
Q

parietal cells in stomach

A
  • acid-producing cells that pump H into lumen against steep gradient
  • also secrete intrinsic factor, important in B12 uptake and for RBC production
  • microvilli bordering canaliculi– enormous SA for pumping
  • lots of mitochondria
  • stimulated to produce acid by gastrin and histamine
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18
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

excessive gastrin secretion –> too much HCl by parietal cells that can’t be correctly neutralized, leading to ulcers induodenal

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19
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of stomach

A

A cells, G cells, serotonin-secreting EC cells, somatostatin D- cells

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20
Q

A cells

A

secrete glucagon; stomach and SI

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21
Q

Dcells

A

stomach, SI, LI; secrete somatostatin

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22
Q

EC cells

A

stomach, SI, LI; secrete serotonin, substance P

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23
Q

ECL cells

A

stomach; release histamine to stimulate HCL secretion

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24
Q

G cells

A

Stomach/SI; secrete gastrin

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25
GL cells
stomach, SI, LI; secrete glicentin
26
I cells
SI; secrete cholecystokinin
27
K cells
SI; gastric inhibitory peptide
28
Mo cells
SI; secrete motilin
29
N cells
SI; secrete neurotensin
30
PP (F)
stomach, LI; secrete pancreatic polypeptide
31
S cells
SI; secrete secretin
32
VIP cells
stomach, SI, LI; secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide
33
SI segments
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
34
pH of stomach vs intestines
stomach - low pH | duodenum = high pH
35
plicae circulares
transverse-oriented folds in SI; they add increased surfacearea for absorption; also covered in villi and microvilli
36
Glands in intestine
Brunner's glands, crypts of Lieberuhn
37
Paneth cells
contain eosinophilic granules with antibacterial peptides (defensins+lysozymesand phospholipase)
38
crypts of Lieberkuhn
penetrate from base of villi deeper into mucosa
39
Brunner's glands
only in duodenum and secrete large amounts of bicarbonate contents into crypts and mucins
40
Peyer's patches
lymphatic nodules/groups of nodules in mucosa of intestine
41
M cells
special epithelial cells take up antigens and phagocytose luminal contents to presnt antigens to underlying lymphocytes/macrophages
42
plasma cells of Peyer's patches
release IgA class immunoglobulins that bind receptors and transcytosed to lumenal surface to act as antibacterial agents
43
where are plicae circulares best developed?
jejunum
44
villi of SI most common in
duodenum> jejunum > ileum
45
function of pancreas
exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes
46
which 2 enzymes released in active form
amylase (degrades starch to glucose and maltose) and ribonuclease (cleave RNA)
47
what enzymes control secretion
secretin, cholycystokinin
48
what nerves innervate muscularis externa of small intestine
Efferent fibers of myenteric plexus of Auerbach; clusters of ganglion cells between 2 layers of externa
49
how is large intestine different than small
smooth lumenal surface, no plicae/villi - numerous straight tubular glands or crypts - 2 cell types in epithelium (mucous producing cells and absorptive cells)
50
main LI function
salt and water recovery
51
role of taeniae
muscular specializations in longitudinal layer whose contraction causes sacculation of bowel to compress/segment fecal material
52
3 main salivary glands
paired submandibular, sublingual, and paired parotid
53
type of fluid parotid gland secretes
serous
54
type of fluid submandibular gland secretes
mixed serous/mucous
55
Type of fluid secreted by sublingual gland
mucous
56
M cell
cell resp for transporting Ag reacting with IgA across to local dendritic cells for adaptive immune response
57
why enzymes on surface of enterocytes
so that it is near where nutrients are to be taken up so that the aren't just fed to bacteria
58
what enzymes on surface of enterocytes in small intestine
lactase, maltase, sucrase
59
why don't amylase/RNAse produced as zymogens
none of their targets in ducts
60
fat digestion
degrade to monosaccharides, take up and modify them as they cross to basal cell and go into lacteals
61
enterocytes role with IgA
secrete IgA

DEMS unit 1 (15 decks)

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