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DEMS unit 1 > Digestive System Histology > Flashcards

Digestive System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structure of GI

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

mucosa components

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue usually more dense than mucosa, larger blood vessels, nerve plexes, glands, lymphatic nodules

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4
Q

lamina propria

A

vascularized connective tissue deep to epithelium

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5
Q

what types of immune cells in mucosa

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

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6
Q

Serosa

A

outer covering of epithelial cells separated from muscularis by thin connective tissue; called adventitia in esophagus above diaphragm where outer squamous layer absent

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7
Q

Esophagus purpose

A

pass food from pharynx to stomach; no digestive function

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8
Q

Esophagus epithelial cells

A

non-cornified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

muscle in esophagus

A

upper part – skeletal
lower 1/3 - solely smooth
middle = mix

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10
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

- not true sphincter but incomplete sphincter maintain contraction to prevent reflux

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11
Q

stomach regions

A 
cardia= small area of mucus-secreting glands around esophageal entry
fundus= main body secreting acid, peptic digestive products, and mucus
pyloris = secretes mainly mucus and relative preponderance of endocrine cells secreting gastrin
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12
Q

what is different about stomach

A
  • rugae/plicae mucosa= longitudinal folds that disappear upon distention
  • mucosal structure
  • third oblique layer of smooth muscle just lumenally to circular mucosal layer
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13
Q

how is stomach mucosal structure different

A

mucous secreting cells arranged in folds separated by gastric pits that secrete mucous

  • pit epithelium changes and continues deep into mucosa as 1 or more gastric glands
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14
Q

where are gastric stem cells

A

in upper neck region of gastric pit epithlium; they divide and rise upward to mucous secreting cells or downward to specialized cells in gastric glands

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15
Q

surface mucous cells

A

release vesicles of stomach mucins/bicarb to coat surface; glycocalyx covers microvilli

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16
Q

chief cells in stomach

A

protein secretors with apical granules and elaborate RER

- mainly secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in presence of acid

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17
Q

parietal cells in stomach

A
  • acid-producing cells that pump H into lumen against steep gradient
  • also secrete intrinsic factor, important in B12 uptake and for RBC production
  • microvilli bordering canaliculi– enormous SA for pumping
  • lots of mitochondria
  • stimulated to produce acid by gastrin and histamine
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18
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

excessive gastrin secretion –> too much HCl by parietal cells that can’t be correctly neutralized, leading to ulcers induodenal

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19
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of stomach

A

A cells, G cells, serotonin-secreting EC cells, somatostatin D- cells

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20
Q

A cells

A

secrete glucagon; stomach and SI

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21
Q

Dcells

A

stomach, SI, LI; secrete somatostatin

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22
Q

EC cells

A

stomach, SI, LI; secrete serotonin, substance P

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23
Q

ECL cells

A

stomach; release histamine to stimulate HCL secretion

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24
Q

G cells

A

Stomach/SI; secrete gastrin

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25
Q

GL cells

A

stomach, SI, LI; secrete glicentin

26
Q

I cells

A

SI; secrete cholecystokinin

27
Q

K cells

A

SI; gastric inhibitory peptide

28
Q

Mo cells

A

SI; secrete motilin

29
Q

N cells

A

SI; secrete neurotensin

30
Q

PP (F)

A

stomach, LI; secrete pancreatic polypeptide

31
Q

S cells

A

SI; secrete secretin

32
Q

VIP cells

A

stomach, SI, LI; secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide

33
Q

SI segments

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

34
Q

pH of stomach vs intestines

A

stomach - low pH

duodenum = high pH

35
Q

plicae circulares

A

transverse-oriented folds in SI; they add increased surfacearea for absorption; also covered in villi and microvilli

36
Q

Glands in intestine

A

Brunner’s glands, crypts of Lieberuhn

37
Q

Paneth cells

A

contain eosinophilic granules with antibacterial peptides (defensins+lysozymesand phospholipase)

38
Q

crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

penetrate from base of villi deeper into mucosa

39
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

only in duodenum and secrete large amounts of bicarbonate contents into crypts and mucins

40
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

lymphatic nodules/groups of nodules in mucosa of intestine

41
Q

M cells

A

special epithelial cells take up antigens and phagocytose luminal contents to presnt antigens to underlying lymphocytes/macrophages

42
Q

plasma cells of Peyer’s patches

A

release IgA class immunoglobulins that bind receptors and transcytosed to lumenal surface to act as antibacterial agents

43
Q

where are plicae circulares best developed?

A

jejunum

44
Q

villi of SI most common in

A

duodenum> jejunum > ileum

45
Q

function of pancreas

A

exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes

46
Q

which 2 enzymes released in active form

A

amylase (degrades starch to glucose and maltose) and ribonuclease (cleave RNA)

47
Q

what enzymes control secretion

A

secretin, cholycystokinin

48
Q

what nerves innervate muscularis externa of small intestine

A

Efferent fibers of myenteric plexus of Auerbach; clusters of ganglion cells between 2 layers of externa

49
Q

how is large intestine different than small

A

smooth lumenal surface, no plicae/villi

  • numerous straight tubular glands or crypts
  • 2 cell types in epithelium (mucous producing cells and absorptive cells)
50
Q

main LI function

A

salt and water recovery

51
Q

role of taeniae

A

muscular specializations in longitudinal layer whose contraction causes sacculation of bowel to compress/segment fecal material

52
Q

3 main salivary glands

A

paired submandibular, sublingual, and paired parotid

53
Q

type of fluid parotid gland secretes

A

serous

54
Q

type of fluid submandibular gland secretes

A

mixed serous/mucous

55
Q

Type of fluid secreted by sublingual gland

A

mucous

56
Q

M cell

A

cell resp for transporting Ag reacting with IgA across to local dendritic cells for adaptive immune response

57
Q

why enzymes on surface of enterocytes

A

so that it is near where nutrients are to be taken up so that the aren’t just fed to bacteria

58
Q

what enzymes on surface of enterocytes in small intestine

A

lactase, maltase, sucrase

59
Q

why don’t amylase/RNAse produced as zymogens

A

none of their targets in ducts

60
Q

fat digestion

A

degrade to monosaccharides, take up and modify them as they cross to basal cell and go into lacteals

61
Q

enterocytes role with IgA

A

secrete IgA

DEMS unit 1 (15 decks)

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