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Exam 3 BIO > Digestive system Exam 4 > Flashcards

Digestive system Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Digestive system has Ingestion, motility, Digestion, ____________ and _____________ as functions.

A

absorption and defecation

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2
Q

Digestive tract îs also known as_________, the passageway for food.

A

Alimentary Canal

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3
Q

What are the alimentary canal passageways?

A

-Oral Activity
-Pharynx
-Esophagus
-Stomach (acid)
-Small intestine (designed for reabsorption, has microvilli)
-Large intestine (compacting trash & pulling out water)
-Anal Canal (what we can’t absorb leaves)

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4
Q

Accessory Organs are?

A

-Salivary glands
-Teeth
-Tongue
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas

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5
Q

In the mouth the saliva has salivary amylase that breakdowns ________/ digests ________

A

carbohydrates, starch

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6
Q

What is one mechanical way of digestion in the teeth?

A

Mastication
-chew into smaller pieces the have more surface area

-partly voluntary/ reflexive

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7
Q

What is Bolus?

A

Form of food that’s been chewed up and swallowed.
-softened mass of food

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8
Q

In the pharynx, swallowing is the process of?

A

Deglutition reflex

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9
Q

The small intestine has 3 parts, what are they?

A

Duedenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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10
Q

The large intestine has 4 colons and a cecum, rectum, appendix and anal canal. Put them in order.

A

Transverse colon, Descending colon, Ascending colon, Cecum, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Appendix, Anal Canal

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11
Q

What is the swallowing process in the Pharynx?

A
  1. Swallowing center is in medulla oblongata
  2. soft palate elevates blocking the nasopharynx
  3. the Trachea moves up, epiglottis folds down
  4. the upper esophageal opens and the bolus goes down the esophagus
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12
Q

Deglutition: The Swallowing Reflex process

A

1.Tongue pushes bolus against soft palate and the back of the mouth, triggering swallowing reflex.

  1. Breathing is inhibited as the bolus passes the closed airway. Epiglottis (elastic cartilage) folds down to help keep swallowed material out of the airways.
  2. Food moves downward into the esophagus propelled by peristaltic waves and aided by gravity.
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13
Q

What connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

Esophagus

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14
Q

In the esophagus, food bolus is moved to the stomach by?

A

Smooth muscle peristalsis

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15
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is also known as the ___________________

A

Gastroesophageal

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16
Q

If the esophageal (gastroesophageal) sphincter is over extended or damaged in the stomach, what can happen in the esophagus?h

A

Heart burn, gastroesophagenal reflux, GERD

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17
Q

What prevents acid from ascending to the esophagus from the stomach?

A

The esophageal (gastroesophageal) sphincter

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18
Q

What 3 things does the wall of the digestive tract have in Mucosa?

A

-Mucosal epithelium
-Lamina Propria
-Muscularis Mucosa

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19
Q

What 3 things does the Submucosa have in the wall of the digestive system?

A

-Loose connective tissue
-Blood vessels
-Lymphoid nodules
-Glands

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20
Q

The mucosal epithelium in esophagus is what tissue?

A

Stratified squamous

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21
Q

Stomach and intestines are mostly what tissues?

A

Simple columnar or cuboidal

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22
Q

The rectum is what tissue?

A

Stratified squamous

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23
Q

The muscularis external has 2 layers called?
What causes their movement?

A

-Inner circular muscle
-Outer longitudinal muscle

Movement by peristalsis

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24
Q

In Ureters, the inner muscle is ______________ and the outer muscle is ____________.

A

longitudinal, and circular

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25
Q

Where does most digestion take place?

A

Stomach and small intestine

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26
Q

In the stomach, gastric digestion is performed y=by what?

A

Parasympathetic N.S. (vagus nerve)

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27
Q

The vagus nerve stimulates the stomach to produce_________

A

Gastric Juices (hydrochloric digestive enzymes/mucus)

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28
Q

What is the most outer layer in the wall of th e digestive tract?

A

Serosa (Visceral peritoneum)

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29
Q

In the stomach there are 3 phases, what are they?

A

Cephalic, Gastric, and intestinal phases

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30
Q

The sight, smell, and taste of food initiates long reflexes in the _____________. This is called the ____________ phase (food senses), which is stimulated by the Cephalic phase. (Don’t have food yet)

A

Medulla Oblongata, Anticipatory

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31
Q

Does the cephalic phase secrete gastric juices (Hydrochloric acid) in the stomach?

A

Yes

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32
Q

In what phase does food actually get down into the stomach?

A

Gastric phase (stimulus food in stomach)

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33
Q

Does the Gastric phase secrete gastric juices? Does it increase or decrease production?

A

Yes, Increase

Stimulates contractions in stomach into bloodstream & cycles back into the stomach increasing gastric prod.

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34
Q

Intestinal phase is _______ and is driven by?

A

Food in small intestine, and driven by Intestinal gastrin

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35
Q

The stomach ______________ digests and we stimulate it with ___________before it enters the stomach.

A

Mechanically, gastric juices

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36
Q

What is the stomachs function?

A

Store food

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37
Q

As stomach begins to fill, the _______ muscle relaxes to ______ and allow stomach to receive stored food.

A

smooth, expand

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38
Q

What is Fungus in stomach?

A

Upper stomach that stores food

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39
Q

What is Pyloric in stomach?

A

Lower stomach that digest

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40
Q

What controls the movement of chyme into the small intestine?

A

-Pyloric Sphincter
lets a small amt go through and closes up and then lets another small amt through

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41
Q

What regulates the passage of food, chyme through the pylorus into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric Valve/ sphincter (smooth muscle)

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42
Q

What are two forms of chemical digestion?

A

-Chief cells and Gastric lipase

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43
Q

Chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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44
Q

Pepsinogen is converted into Pepsin by?

A

HCL, then it can digest proteins

45
Q

Gastric lipase is?

A

The breakdown of lipadase
-digest lipids

46
Q

What two digestions are occurring in the stomach?

A

Protein and lipid digestion

47
Q

What is the other mechanical digestion besides the teeth (mastication)?

A

Rugae in the stomach
-increases surface area and has 3 layers.
-oblique extra layer

48
Q

What mixes and churns food into chyme?

A

Rugae

49
Q

The stomach provides protection in 2 ways. What are they?

A

Parietal cells and Mucous cells

50
Q

Parietal cells are a type of protection in the stomach, what do they secrete?

A

Gastric acid (HCL)
-kills bacteria and other microbes in food

51
Q

Mucous cells are a type of protection in the stomach, what do they secrete?

A

Mucus and bicarbonate
-protection against our own acid

52
Q

What is bicarbonate?

A

A buffer that is used to neutralize acid in stomach

53
Q

In absorption of the stomach, parietal cells secrete what?

A

Gastric intrinsic factor
-allows small intestine to absorb vitamin B12

54
Q

In the small intestine, what are the characteristics and functions of the Duodenum?

A

-Receives chyme
-First 25cm short
-Receives secretions from the pancreas and liver
-Has distinctive burners glands (alkaline mucous)
-neutralizes acid before we move on to Jejunum

55
Q

Jejunum characteristics

A

middle 2.5 meters
-no burners glands
-no Peters patches
-has microvilli

56
Q

Ileum characteristics

A

-last 3.5 meters
-distinctive Peters patches

57
Q

Where is the main site of nutrient absorption and what is their main form of transport to the bloodstream?

A

Small intestine, active transport

58
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Simple sugars; glucose
amino acids; proteins
fatty acids & glycerol

59
Q

The small intestine has villi that is lined with_______ What does it create to increase absorptive surface?

A

Microvilli, Brush border

60
Q

In the small intestine, Duodenal has two secretions. What are they?

A

Secretin & Cholecystokinin

61
Q

In the small intestine, Duodenal secretion secretes what? What does it do?

A

Secretin
-stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas

62
Q

In the small intestine, what is another form of Duodenal secretion? What does it do?

A

Cholecystokinin
-Sends a message to secrete digestive enzymes by the pancreas
-A sends another message to secrete bile in the gall bladder
which causes the gallbladder to contract

63
Q

What are the other two secretions of the Duodenal?

A

Intestinal Gastrin
-Targets stomach
-secretion of gastric juices

Enterogastrones (hormone)
-inhibits gastric juice secretion (slows down stomach)

64
Q

What is an acid neutralizer in the pancreas?

A

Bicarbonate secretion

65
Q

What are segmental contractions?

A
  • alternate contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles
    -movement/mixing up material back and forth
    -continually mixes the intestinal contents
    -maintains constant contact with the absorptive surface
66
Q

Digestion has a pancreatic protease called? What does it breakdown?

A

Trypsin
-breaking down proteins

67
Q

In digestion of the small intestine, what activate Trypsin?

A

Brush border enzyme enteropeptidase

68
Q

In digestion of the small intestine, what does pancreatic amylase breakdown?

A

-Starch to maltose (carbohydrates)
-absorbs monosaccharides

69
Q

In digestion of the small intestine, what does pancreatic lipase breakdown?

A

-Lipids
-the fat droplets are stabilized by bile salts
-fatty acids are absorbed

70
Q

In digestion of the small intestine, what does pancreatic nuclease breakdown?

A

-Nucleic acids & nucleotides
-nucleotides are absorbed

71
Q

Is bile salts and enzyme?

A

No

72
Q

What does bile salts do?

A

-Emulsifies lipids (Liver via gallbladder)
-Separates lipids into smaller pieces

73
Q

Where does bile salts emulsify lipids?

A

Liver via gallbladder

74
Q

Is bile a form of mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical/ lipase

75
Q

The Large intestine has what structures?

A

-Cecum
-Colon
-Rectum
-Anal canal

76
Q

In the Large intestine, the cecum is a ___________.
It is separated from the ________ by the Ileocecal valve sphincter

A

-Blind sac
-Ileum

77
Q

The cecum is the appendix ___________

A

Veriform

78
Q

In the large intestine, the rectum stores________

A

Feces

79
Q

The Anal canal has what tissue?

A

Stratified squamous

80
Q

The anal canal has two sphincters. What are they?

A

-Internal smooth sphincter muscle
-exterior skeletal sphincter muscle

81
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

-Absorption of water and electrolytes
-Forms Teniae coli by Haustra

82
Q

Does the large intestine contain villi?

A

No

83
Q

The defecation reflex begins with the _______ of the __________.

A

distention of the rectal wall

84
Q

Mass movement of feces send forward in the large intestine is caused by what reflex?

A

Gastrocolic reflex

85
Q

After feces is moved forward, the internal sphincter _______ and the external anal sphincter____________

A

-Relaxes
-Continuously relaxes

86
Q

What are the three accessory organs?

A

Pancreas, liver, Gallbladder

87
Q

What cells do the pancreas contain that secrete digestive enzymes?

A

The Acinar cells

88
Q

The Acinar cells secrete what digestive enzymes?

A

-Pancreatic amylase: starch

-Trypsinogen: protein

-LipaseL lipids

-Nuclease- nucleic acids

89
Q

___________ secretion in the pancreas occurs in the pancreas and duodenum

A

Bicarbonate secretion

90
Q

Bicarbonate in the pancreas is produced by?

A

Enzyme carbonic anhydrase from CO2 & water

91
Q

Bicarniate secretion in the pancreas responds to what?

A

Secretin

92
Q

The liver has a _____________ ligament

A

Faltiform

93
Q

The liver removes _______ from the blood

A

toxins

94
Q

______ connects the liver to the gallbladder

A

Bile

95
Q

Bile contains ________ that facilities/aids enzymatic digestion of _______ in the liver.

A

salts, fats

96
Q

The gallbladder function?

A

-Stores bile produced by the liver & concentrates it
-Has common bile ducts

97
Q

What connects the gallbladder to the pancreas?

A

Common Bile ducts

98
Q

Diarrhea is

A

is when secretion is not balanced by absorption

99
Q

Diarrhea has 3 disorders called

A

-Osmotic
-Secretory
-Pschological

100
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea is

A

unabsorbed material in the lumen draws water

101
Q

Secretory diarrhea is

A

response to toxins or intestinal infection

102
Q

Psychological diarrhea

A

increased motility

103
Q

Constipation is reduced ______

A

Motility (material moving too slowly)

104
Q

Cirrhosis is the formation of __________ tissue in the ____

A

scar tissue, liver

105
Q

Jaundice is the excess of _______ in the blood

A

bilirubin

106
Q

Gluconeogenesis refers to

A

creating glucose from glycerol, amino acids, or lactate

107
Q

Protein digestion starts in the ___

A

stomach

108
Q

Increased stomach PH is the consequences of which of the following?

A

Inhibition of parietal cells

109
Q

The function of the stomach is to____

A

-protect the lower digestive tract from pathogens
-churn the contents into chyme
-begin digestion
-store food

Exam 3 BIO (4 decks)

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