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Anatomy Final > Digestive System Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Digestive System Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Motility
  3. Secretion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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2
Q

What are the organs of the GI Tract?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
  7. Anus
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3
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary Glands
  4. liver
  5. Gall Bladder
  6. Pancreas
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4
Q

Define Ingestion

A

eating food and liquid

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5
Q

define Motility

A

Mixing and peristalsis
The capability of smooth muscles to mix and move the food contents

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6
Q

Define secretion

A

DS secretes acids, bile mucus, enzymes 7L/day

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7
Q

Define Digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of CHO, Lipids and Proteins

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8
Q

Define Absorption

A

Absorption of nutrients, ions and fluids into blood stream

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9
Q

Define defecation

A

Removal of metabolic wastes

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10
Q

What is the overall function of the oral cavity?

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion

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11
Q

What is the overall function of the digestive system?

A

Ingest, mix, transport and break down food mechanically/chemically. Absorb digested nutrients and expels wastes

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12
Q

What is the overall function of the pharynx?

A

Passageway for food and liquid

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13
Q

What is the overall function of the esophagus?

A

secrete mucus and transports food to the stomach

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14
Q

What is the overall function of the stomach?

A

mixing area and holding reservoir

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15
Q

What is the overall function of the anus?

A

discharge feces form body

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15
Q

What is the overall function of the small intestine?

A

completion of digestion and absorption

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16
Q

What is the overall function of the large intestine?

A

absorb most water remaining in digested material and forms faces

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17
Q

What is the overall function of the teeth?

A

Mechanically digest
Responsible for Mastication

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18
Q

What is the overall function of the tongue?

A

movement of food and assisting swallowing

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19
Q

What is the overall function of the salivary glands?

A

produce and secrete saliva

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20
Q

what is the overall function of the liver?

A

Produce bile

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20
Q

What is the overall function of the gallbladder?

A

Store and concentrate bile

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21
Q

What is the overall function of the pancreas?

A

produce enzymes to digest food (exocrine)

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22
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

Folds of peritoneum that support and stabilise intraperitoneal GI tract organs

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23
Q

What are the types of mesenteries?

A
  1. Greater Omentum
  2. Lesser Omentum
  3. Mesentery proper
  4. Mesocolon
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24
Q

What is the Greater omentum?

A

Longest peritoneal fold
Covers most abdominal organs
fatty apron

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25
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

secures stomach and duodenum from the liver

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26
Q

What is the mesentery proper?

A

suspends small int. from posterior abdominal wall

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27
Q

what is the mesocolon?

A

attaches large int. to the posterior abdominal wall

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28
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Ascending and descending colon, duodenum and pancreas
situated behind the peritoneum

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29
Q

What are peritoneal ligaments?

A

Folds of the peritoneal that connect structures

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30
Q

What are 3 examples of peritoneal ligaments?

A
  1. Coronary ligament (liver to diaphragm)
  2. Falciform ligament (liver to abdominal wall)
  3. Lienorenal ligament (Spleen to kidney)
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31
Q

What are the four tunics of the GI Wall?

A

(deep to superficial)
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Adventital/serosa

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32
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Innermost lining of GI Tract

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33
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscular mucosa
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34
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa?

A

Absorbs nutrients and contains enteroendocrine cells

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35
Q

What is the lamina propria of the mucosa?

A

Connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
Contains muscle-associated lymphatic tissue MALT

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36
Q

What is the muscular mucosa?

A

Smooth muscle fibres increase surface area

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37
Q

What is the Submuscosa?

A

Second deepest layer
Meshwork of collagenous fibres, nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Contains submucosal glands

38
Q

What plexus does the submucosa contain?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus
ENS
regulates movements of the mucosa and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
innervates mucosal glands

39
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

Smooth muscle layer

40
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle within the muscularis?

A

Inner layer= Circular fibers
Outer layer= Longitudinal fibers

41
Q

What plexus is within the muscularis?

A

myenteric nerve plexus
controls GI tract motility

42
Q

What is the adventitia/serosa?

A

superficial layer
serous membrane
secretes serous fluid
aka visceral peritoneum

43
Q

What are the functions of the saliva?

A

Moistened ingested stuff to form bolus
moisten/lubricate oral cavity structures
chemical digestion (amylase)
Antibacterial (lysozyme)
dissolve food for taste receptors

44
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
45
Q

How much saliva is produced by the parotid glands?

A

25-30%

46
Q

How much saliva is produced by the submandibular glands?

A

60-70%

47
Q

How much saliva is produced by the sublingual glands?

A

3-5%

48
Q

What enzyme is secreted by lingual glands?

A

Lingual lipase

49
Q

What are the teeth composed of?

A

Crown
Neck
Dentin
Enamel
Pulp cavity
Root canal
Apical foramen
periodontal ligaments

50
Q

What are the specific functions of the stomach?

A

Connect esophagus to the duodenum
Mixing area and holding reservoir
Site for mechanical and chemical digestion
Starts digestion of proteins
Converts bolus to chyme

51
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A

Gastric juice containing HCL and pepsin
Gastrin

52
Q

What are the four main regions of the stomach?

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric part
53
Q

What is the cardia of the stomach?

A

Initial part

54
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach?

A

Food storage

55
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

Food mixing

56
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pyloric part?

A

Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter

57
Q

What is the pyloric antrum?

A

Connects to body

58
Q

What is the pyloric canal?

A

leads to pylorus

59
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Rugae (mucosal folds)
leads to duodenum

60
Q

What are the layers of the stomach wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

61
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscularis in the stomach?

A
  1. Oblique
  2. Circular
  3. Longitudinal
62
Q

What are the types of exocrine gland cells in the stomach?

A
  1. Surface and mucous neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
63
Q

What do mucous, parietal and chief cells secrete?

A

Gastric juice

64
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete in the stomach?

A

Gastrin hormone

65
Q

What do surface mucous cells secrete specific?

A

Alkaline fluid with mucin

66
Q

what do mucous neck cells secrete specific?

A

acidic fluid with mucin

67
Q

what do parietal cells secrete specific?

A

Intrinsic factor
Hydrochloric acid

68
Q

what do chief cells secrete specific?

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

69
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

Protein made to facilitate absorption of B12

70
Q

what is the function of HCL?

A

chemically digest food
activate pepsin
kill bacteria

71
Q

What is the function of pepsin?

A

digest proteins
deactivated form= pepsinogen

72
Q

What is the function of gastric lipase?

A

digest triglycerides

73
Q

What is intestinal juice?

A

In small intestine
Clear, yellow fluid
vehicle for absorption of substances in the chyme

74
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. illeum
75
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Primary site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

76
Q

What are the layers of the small int wall?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
77
Q

What cells are in the intestinal villus?

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Unicellular gland cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
78
Q

What do unicellular gland cells do?

A

Synthesises enteropeptidase

79
Q

What does enteroendocrine cells do in the small int?

A

Secretes hormones:
-Secretin
-cholecystokinin
-Gastric inhibitory peptide

80
Q

What doe the submucosa of the small int. contain?

A

Duodenal Glands
aka Brunner’s glands
Secrete alkaline mucous

81
Q

What are the structures of the Large intestine?

A
  1. cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
  6. Rectum
  7. Anal canal
82
Q

What are the four layers of the Large intestine wall?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submuscoa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
83
Q

What else does the large intestine contain in its wall?

A

Intestinal glands
Teniae coli
Haustra

84
Q

What cells are in the large intestine?

A
  1. Absorptive cell -Absorbs water
  2. Goblet cells -Mucous
85
Q

What is the structure of the liver?

A

4 incompletely separated lobes and two ligaments
Ligamentum teres

86
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Functional unit of the liver that produce 800-1000mL of bile a day

87
Q

What are ducts in the liver?

A

Bile ductules and ducts
Right/Left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic ducts
Cystic duct
Common bile duct

88
Q

What are the hepatic structures?

A
  1. Hepatic sinusoid
  2. Hepatic lobules
    3.Bile canaliculi
  3. Hepatocytes
  4. Reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages)
89
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Bile ductule
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery

90
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Attached to inferior surface of liver
stores and concentrates bile

91
Q

What are the three regions of the gallbladder?

A
  1. Neck
  2. Body
  3. Fundus
92
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

Connects gall bladder to common bile duct

93
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum via main pancreatic duct (juice= enzymes + mucin)

94
Q

What cells secrete pancreatic juice?

A

Acinar cells

95
Q

What is the structure of the pancreas?

A

head, body and tail

Anatomy Final (3 decks)

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