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Science > Digestive System And Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestive System And Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Process by which the food we take in is converted into substances needed by the body

A

Digestion

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2
Q

Breaking down food into smaller pieces

A

Mechanical Digestion

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3
Q

Various digestive enzymes breaking down food

A

Chemical Digestion

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4
Q

A rounded ball of chewed food

A

Bolus

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5
Q

The first function of the digestive system is called ____________.

A

Ingestion

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6
Q

The indigestible material eliminated from the body is called _________ and leaves the body through the anus.

A

Feces

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7
Q

______________ help secure organs to the body wall and hold them in the proper position so that they won’t twist while also suspending them to allow them room to expand and to slide along other organs.

A

Mesenteries

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8
Q

__________ is a condition resulting from an acute inflammation of the peritoneum.

A

Peritonitis

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9
Q

Each tooth has three major regions: the crown, the neck, and the _______.

A

Root

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10
Q

__________ is the hardest substance in the body, and it is very durable.

A

Enamel

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11
Q

_________ makes up the majority of the volume of a tooth.

A

Dentin

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12
Q

Produced by several glands; neutralizes acids

A

Saliva

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13
Q

Made up of bits of food and other debris; bacteria love to live in it

A

Plaque

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14
Q

A common kind of chronic inflammation; gum disease

A

Gingivitis

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15
Q

Unprotected by __________, tooth decay can become severe.

A

Enamel

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16
Q

There is some evidence that poor oral hygiene can lead to __________ disease.

A

Heart

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17
Q

Secretes its products directly into the blood stream to be carried into the body

A

Endocrine gland

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18
Q

Secretes its products by a means of a duct - a small tube directly into the place of it is needed

A

Exocrine Gland

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19
Q

Causes the breakdown of starch in our food into sugars turns salty food sweet

A

Amylase

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20
Q

Known as “dry mouth syndrome;” the direct result of an abnormally low production of saliva

A

Xerostomia

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21
Q

The most common cause of parotitis is a particular viral infection called ________.

A

Mumps

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22
Q

If not removed, plaque calcifies and hardens into __________.

A

Tartar

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23
Q

Chronic bad teeth (____________) is associated with inadequate saliva production.

A

Hablitosis

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24
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

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25
Q

Food entering the airway

A

Aspiration

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26
Q

Happens throughout the GI tract as well as in other tubular structures, such as the ureters; without it, the food would never move onto the digestive tract; a series of coordinated movements of the muscles along the length of the tube, like the esophagus

A

Peristalsis

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27
Q

Risk factors for gastroesophageal ________ disease include smoking, alcohol, diabetes, and obesity.

A

Reflux

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28
Q

Found along the walls of the gastric gland, they secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI); the acid breaks down food

A

Parietal Cell

29
Q

The emptying of the stomach into the _________ intestine is controlled by the pyloric sphincter.

A

Small

30
Q

The mucus made by all those mucus cells protects the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of the very powerful _________ in the stomach.

A

Acid

31
Q

The chief cells also produce __________, which help break down fats in our food.

A

Lipase

32
Q

A condition in which either the quality or quantity of a persons red blood cells is poor

A

Anemia

33
Q

A type of Anemia associated with a deficiency of B12

A

Pernicious Anemia

34
Q

Occurs when there is damage to the epithelial lining of either the stomach or duodernum

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

35
Q

Vomiting results from sudden, forceful contraction of the muscles of the abdomen and the ___________.

A

Diaphragm

36
Q

Ongoing vomiting, besides utterly miserable, can cause _________________, which might require intravenous fluids.

A

Dehydration

37
Q

When the pancreas is inflamed

A

Pancreatitis

38
Q

Breaks down lipids (fats)

A

Amylase

39
Q

A very aggressive kind of cancer that has a low survival rate

A

Lipases

40
Q

One of most common causes of pancreatitis is _________________.

A

Gallstones

41
Q

Other causes of pancreatitis include high levels of _______ in the blood, high levels of calcium in the blood, cystic fibrosis, infections, trauma, and certain medications.

A

Fats

42
Q

The _______________ in the pancreatic juice help neutralize the acid in the stomach contents that empty into the duodenum.

A

Bicarbonate

43
Q

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include ____________, diabetes, and obesity.

A

Smoking

44
Q

A secretary product of the liver used in the digestion of lipids; a yellow green liquid

A

Bile

45
Q

A yellowish coloration of the skin due to elevated bilirubin levels

A

Jaundice

46
Q

The _________ has almost 500 different functions.

A

Liver

47
Q

Bile is stored in the ____________________ until needed.

A

Gall Bladder

48
Q

All the biochemical reactions that occur in the body to keep us alive

A

Metabolism

49
Q

Inflammation of the liver

A

Hepatitis

50
Q

Result of having too much cholesterol or too few bile salts in the bile

A

Gallstones

51
Q

If hepatitis persists for more than six months it is called __________ hepatitis.

A

Chronic

52
Q

A gallstone in the common bile duct can block the flow of bile and cause _______________, infection, and jaundice.

A

Inflammation

53
Q

Ammonia, delivered to the liver in the portal blood, is converted by the liver into a substance called _______.

A

Urea

54
Q

After passing through the pyloric sphincter, a milkshake-like mixture of partially digested food called ________ enters the small intestine.

A

Chyme

55
Q

Most __________ absorption takes place in the small intestine.

A

Nutrient

56
Q

Is used to elevate the stomach and duodenum to check for ulcers and inflammation

A

Endoscopy

57
Q

Partially digested food that is ready to leave the stomach

A

Chyme

58
Q

The last organ in the GI tract which is the large intestine

A

Colon

59
Q

Most endoscopes even have a channel through which the doctor can extend a pincer-like device that takes ____________ — samples of tissue for microscopic examination.

A

Biopsies

60
Q

Enzymes brought to the duodenum from the pancreas, particularly amylase, begin to break down ___________ in the chyme.

A

Starches

61
Q

In some people, examination of the colon will reveal small pouches that are called ______________.

A

Diverticula

62
Q

Known as diverticulitis, this is when diverticula become ______________.

A

Infected

63
Q

Is inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

64
Q

Bacteria that normally live in or on our bodies, often helping us in some way

A

Microbiome

65
Q

Mainly just water and _________________ are absorbed in the colon.

A

Electrolytes

66
Q

The large intestine processes any remaining indigestible material into its final form called __________.

A

Feces

67
Q

The symptoms of appendicitis typically include ________, nausea, elevated white blood cell count, and tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen.

A

Fever

68
Q

We realize that these “vestigial” organs are not ____________ but have very real functions in the body.

A

Useless

69
Q

The gas production from flatulence is the result of bacteria ______________ undigested sugars and starches that enter the large intestine.

A

Fementing

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