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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is a GI tract?

A

gastrointestinal tract (start to finish of digestive tract)

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2
Q

what are accessory structures?

A

extra parts that help the tract process -ex. appendix, gall bladder

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3
Q

what are the six stages of digestion?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing & propulsion, digestion, absorption, defecation

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4
Q

two ways of digestion?

A

chemical, mechanical

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5
Q

order of digestive tract

A

mouth to esophagus to stomach to liver to gallbladder to small intestine to cecum to appendix to large intestine to rectum and anus

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6
Q

formed by cheeks, hard and soft palate, lips, and tongue

A

mouth (oral cavity)

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7
Q

produces saliva

99.5% H2O and 0.5% solutes

A

salivary glands

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8
Q

what does saliva Do

A

lubricates and dissolves good (starts carb. digestion)

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9
Q

form floor of Oral cavity

A

tongue

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10
Q

what is the upper surface of the tongue covered in?

A

papillae

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11
Q

the dorsum of the tongue contains what producing glands?

A

lingual lipase (fat breaking enzyme)

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12
Q

food is mixed with saliva into a substance (process)

A

mastication

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13
Q

what substance is formed by mastication?

A

bolus

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14
Q

converts starches (polysaccharides) into disaccharides

A

salivary amylase

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15
Q

continuous movement of bolus from the mouth to the stomach

A

deglutition

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16
Q

collapsible tube that lies behind the trachea and connects the mouth to the stomach

A

esophagus

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17
Q

a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations which pushed the bolus onward

A

peristalsis

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18
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract that begins at the bottom of the esophagus and ends at the pyloric sphincter

A

stomach

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19
Q

what are the functions of the stomach?

A
  • serves as a mixing and holding area for food
  • begins digestion of proteins
  • continues digesting triglycerides
  • converts bolus into chyme
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20
Q

mucosa lies in folds when the stomach is empty

A

rugae

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21
Q

what 3 gastric gland cells is gastric juice produced from?

A

chief cells, parietal cells, G cells

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22
Q

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

chief cells

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23
Q

produce HCl and intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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24
Q

secrete the hormone gastrin

A

G cells

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25
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

molecule that breaks down protein (it’s in its inactive form) until HCl hits it and turns it active into pepsin

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26
Q

what is gastric lipase?

A

stomach fat digesting enzyme

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27
Q

what turns on G cells

A

presence of food causes the g cells to secrete gastrin, then that tells chief and parietal cells to start making their substance

28
Q

clear colorless liquid consisting most of water salt sodium bicarbonate and enzymes

A

pancreatic juice

29
Q

is pancreatic juice basic or acidic?

A

basic because of the sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.1-8.2)

30
Q

what 3 things do pancreatic enzymes include?

A

pancreatic amylase
trypsin and chymotrypsin
pancreatic lipase

31
Q

what does pancreatic amylase do?

A

digests carbs

32
Q

what does trypsin and chymotrypsin do?

A

digests proteins

33
Q

what does pancreatic lipase do?

A

digests fats

34
Q

what are the protein digesting enzymes called when they are secreted in an inactive form?

A

trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

35
Q

what enzyme activates trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen which then activated the other forms?

A

enterokinase

36
Q

largest gland in the body and second largest organ

A

liver

37
Q

what does the liver do?

A

produces bile, stores glycogen, detoxifies body of substances, stores vitamins A B 12 D E K

38
Q

is the bile in the stomach basic or acidic?

A

basic (pH of 7.6-8.6)

39
Q

what can the liver do to protect against foreign invaders?

A

phagocytize aged red and white blood cells and some bacteria
-filters all blood from small intestine

40
Q

what does the gall bladder do?

A

stores bile, concentrates bile until needed by small intestine

41
Q

what is bile?

A

emulsified fat

42
Q

what does chyme cause

A

secretion of CCO which in turn causes secretion of bile

43
Q

how long is the duodenum?

A

10 inches long

44
Q

what does the duodenum do?

A

receives chyme from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter
-pancreatic juice and bile enter

45
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

3 feet long

46
Q

how long is the ileum

A

6ft

47
Q

where does the ileum end?

A

at the ileocecal valve

48
Q

what does the ileocecal valve do?

A

prevents feces from going back into the small intestine

49
Q

where does absorption in the small intestine occur?

A

villi and microvilli

50
Q

what are villi and microvilli

A

hair like projections that increase surface area

51
Q

what does mesentary do?

A

allows for free movement of each coil of the small intestine and helps it from getting tangled

52
Q

small intestines role in digestion?

A

chyme is mixed with digestive juices and segmentation brings up the food into contact with the mucosa for absorption

  1. digestion of each nutrient is completed via enzyme secretions
  2. about 90% of all nutrient absorption occurs due to the length of time food spends there
53
Q

what small intestinal hormone increases release of pancreatic juice

A

secretin

54
Q

pancreatic juice is rich in?

A

bicarbonate ions

55
Q

secretin does what?

A

raises the pH (decreases gastric secretions) to minimize gastric juice in body

56
Q

what releases pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes and what stimulates this?

A

CCK

fats stimulate release

57
Q

CCK inhibits?

A

stomach emptying

58
Q

why does the small intestine have so many folds?

A

increases surface area further for digestion and absorption of nutrients

59
Q

twisted coiled tube attached to the cecum. found in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

A

appendix

60
Q

what role does the appendix have?

A

no role at all

61
Q

about 5ft long and 2.5inches in diameter. no folds or villi.

several vitamins r produced here as well as forming and expulsion of feces.

A

large intestine

62
Q

what two types of cells does the large intestine include?

A

goblet(helps u poop) and absorptive cells (absorbs water)

63
Q

what are the series of pouches in the large intestine called?

A

haustra (gives colon puckered appearance)

64
Q

what three things does the small intestine have to digestive carbs

A

sucrase, lactase, maltase

65
Q

what does the small intestine have to digest proteins

A

peptidases

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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