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Anatomy Lecture EXAM 3 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the digestive tract are divided into two groups…

A

the alimentary canal and accessory organs.

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2
Q

Walls of the digestive tract (4) from the innermost layer to the outermost layer include the..

A

Tunica mucosa, the tunica submucosa, the tunica muscularis, and the tunica serosa.

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3
Q

The tunica mucosa consists of (from most superficial to deep) three layers.. what are they?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscilar mucosa.

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4
Q

From the stomach to the mouth, the tunica mucosa epithelium consists of this type of epithelum and is (kertinized/non-keritinized)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium; nonkeritinized.

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5
Q

From the stomach to the rectum, the tunica mucosa is made of this type of epithelium before changing back to sratified squamous at the anal canal..

A

Simple columnar epithelium.

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6
Q

The tunica submucosa holds these structures…

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, and messiner’s submucosal plexus.

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7
Q

The structure of the tunica muscularis, with an inner layer of circular muscle and an outer later of longitufinal muscle, works to maintain what process?

A

Peristalsis.

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8
Q

What do the lips function as?

A

It functions as valves of the oral fissure, containing the sphincter that controls entry and exit from the mouth.

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9
Q

The differing color of the lips is due to vascularization by what branches of facial arteries?

A

The superior labial arteries and the inferior labial arteries.

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10
Q

A congenital anomaly of the lip where the the lip is not joined together, forming a cleft is called what?

A

Cleft lip or hare (as in a rabbit) lip.

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11
Q

The divisions within the mouth include:

A

The oral vestibule and the oral cavity.

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12
Q

The oral vestibule marks describes what area of the inner mouth?

A

Between he teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks.

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13
Q

The oral cavity describes what space of the inner mouth?

A

The space extending from the vestibule to the arch opening in the back of the mouth (fauces).

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14
Q

The hard palate consists of the area superficial to what bony structures?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla bone and the horizontal place of the palatine bone.

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15
Q

The soft palate also has a bony skeleton: true or false?

A

False. It has no bony skeleton.

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16
Q

Name a disease of the palate.

A

Cleft palette – occurs more frequently in women.

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17
Q

Humans and most mammals have diphyodont dentition. What does this mean?

A

We have two sets of teeth throughout our lifetime.

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18
Q

Humans and most mammals are heterodont in dentition. What does this mean?

A

We have teeth that are different in structure which are adapted to handle food in different ways.

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19
Q

The part of the tooth which holds the blood vessels is the __________ _________ of the tooth.

A

Pulp cavity.

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20
Q

The function of the extrinsic muscles of the run is to move the tongue which way in order to move food for chewing?

A

Side to side and in and out.

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21
Q

The instrinsic muscles of the tongue move the tongue in which way to aid speech and swallowing?

A

It alters the shape and size of the tongue.

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22
Q

Name the different (3) salivary glands:

A

Parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands.

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23
Q

The largest of the salivary glands is which gland?

A

The Parotid glands.

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24
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

Under and in front of the ear between the skin and the masseter muscle.

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25
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located?

A

Beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth.

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26
Q

Where are the sublingual glands located?

A

In the floor of the mouth between the mandible and the glenoglossus muscle.

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27
Q

The esophogus is posterior or anterior to the trachea and follows the curvature of the vertebeal column.

A

Posterior.

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28
Q

The top 1/3 of the tunuca muscularis of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle under the control of what what nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system.

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29
Q

The middle 1/3 of the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is made of only smooth muscle: True or false?

A

False, it is made of both skeletal and smooth muscle.

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30
Q

The bottom 1/3 of the tunica muscularis is made of smooth muscle which is controlled by the….

A

autonomic nervous system.

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31
Q

In a cross section of the esophagus, the lining is made of what kind of epithelium and is it kertinized or non-keritinized?

A

It is made of stratified squamous epithelium which is nonkeritinized.

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32
Q

The top region of the stomach is called the _______.

A

Fundus.

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33
Q

The fundus is in contact with what structure of the body?

A

The diaphragm.

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34
Q

The middle of the stomach is called the ________.

A

Body

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35
Q

The cardiac part of the stomach marks the junction of what two structures of the digestive tract?

A

The esophagus and the stomach.

36
Q

The cardiac part of the stomach has what structure which helps to stop regurgitation?

A

A sphincter.

37
Q

The bottom part of the stomach is called the ____________ part of the stomach.

A

Pyloric.

38
Q

The junction between the duodenum and the bottom of the stomach is marked by what structure of the stomach?

A

The pyloric sphincter.

39
Q

In addition to layering of circular and longitudinal muscle layers, the tunica muscularis of the stomach has another layer of muscle running in what direction?

A

Obliquely.

40
Q

This structure of the internal stomach helps to channel food in the direction of the gastric canal and also allows for expansion of the stomach.

A

The folds of the mucous membrane AKA rugae.

41
Q

The divisions of the small intestine include:

A

The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum (remember to spell with an e).

42
Q

The large surface area needed for absorption in the small intestine is achieved through 4 methods:

A

Length, Pilcase circulares, villi, and microcilli.

43
Q

Folds on the inside of the small intestine are called what?

A

Pilcae circulares

44
Q

Villi of the small intestine can be described as what kind of projections?

A

Finger-like

45
Q

Microvilli, compared to villi, differ such that microvili of the small intestine deal with singular cells: true or false?

A

True.

46
Q

This microstructure of the small intestine is the lymphatic capillary in the villi of the small intestine used for fat absorption.

A

Central Lacteal

47
Q

The function of Brunner’s Glands is to…

A

Secrete alkaline fluid to counter act the acidity of the stomach. secretes buffers!

48
Q

Where are Brunner’s Glands found in the small intesntine?

A

They are found ONLY in the duodenum.

49
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Aggregations of lymphatic nodules.

50
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches found in the small intestine??

A

ONLY in the ileum.

51
Q

Name the 4 divisions of the Large Intestine.

A

Cecum+Appendix, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal.

52
Q

Does the large intestine have pilcae circulares?

A

No.

53
Q

The Tenia Coli on the large intestine is made of 3 bands of what structure?

A

3 bands of longitudinal muscle of tunica muscularis.

54
Q

The tenia coli work to form these structures on the large intestine.

A

Semilunar folds between haustra.

55
Q

True or False: The large intestine has villi.

A

False.

56
Q

The fat deposits on the large intestine are called…

A

Epiploic appendages.

57
Q

True or false: The hepatic flexure is on the right side of the body.

A

True.

58
Q

Is the Left colic flexure (or spleenic flexure) inferior to the hepatic flexure?

A

No, The Hepatic flexure is more inferior in the body than the spleenic flexure.

59
Q

The ileum joins the large intestine at this structure.

A

The cecum.

60
Q

McBurney’s point, where the base of the appendix can be found where using surface anatomical structures?

A

Two thirds the way between the naval and the right anterior superior iliac spine.

61
Q

Name the different parts of the colon in the correct order.

A

Cecum+appendix, ascending colon, Hepatic flexure, transverse colon, spleenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectosigmoidal junction, recum, Anal canal, anus.

62
Q

Does the rectum have tenia coli?

A

No.

63
Q

This structure helps to support fecal material as it collects in the rectum.

A

Three permanent transverse folds.

64
Q

This muscle loops around the rectum and helps to control defecation, in specificity, this muscle relaxes when a person needs to defecate.

A

Puborectalis Muscle.

65
Q

The large intestine terminates at this structure..

A

Anal canal.

66
Q

The anal canal above the pectinate line is controlled by this system of the PNS.

A

autonomic system

67
Q

The anal canal below the pectinate line is controlled by this system of the PNS.

A

somatic system.

68
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas is to do what?

A

Secreate pancreatic juice which has enzymes which aid in digestion.

69
Q

The endocrine function of the pancreas is to do what?

A

regulate blood sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon.

70
Q

Exocrine refers to products leaving via …

A

a duct.

71
Q

Endocrine refers to products leaving via…

A

diffusion.

72
Q

Products leaving the pancreas, the gallbladder, and the liver, exit into the duodenum via this structure..

A

The major duodendal papilla.

73
Q

The pancreas empties into the duodenum via the accessory pancreatic duct using this structure:

A

Minor duodenal papilla.

74
Q

The falciform ligament terminates inferiorly at this structure:

A

Round ligament of the liver.

75
Q

The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of what structure?

A

the umbilical vein.

76
Q

This artery carries 30% of the blood INTO the liver. This blood is high in oxygen.

A

Hepatic ARTERY.

77
Q

This Vein carries 70% of the blood INTO the liver. This blood is rich in nutrients.

A

Portal Vein.

78
Q

The portal vein is formed by the union of two other veins. What are they?

A

The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

79
Q

The mesenteric vein drains nutrients from this organ.

A

The intestinal tract.

80
Q

The splenic vein trains this organ.

A

The spleen.

81
Q

Blood leaves the liver and drains into the vena cava via this strcutre.

A

The hepatic VEIN.

82
Q

The liver can be divided into ___ functional divisions, and further broken down into ____ functional segments.

A

4;8

83
Q

The different functional sections are important surgically because why?

A

They are each have their own separate blood supply.

84
Q

True or false: The gallbladder makes bile.

A

False, it is only a storage organ.

85
Q

The common hepatic duct, common bile duct, and the pancreatic duct all flow into this structure before emptying into the duodendal ampilla.

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

86
Q

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is significant because blockage of the ampulla with gallstones can cause what?

A

pancreatitis.

87
Q

This structure only opens up you have a meal, other wise it is clamped. This is also the mechanism by which bile is backed up into the glabladder.

A

Sphincter of the heptopancreatic ampulla.

Anatomy Lecture EXAM 3 (5 decks)

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