Digestive System Flashcards
Organs of the digestive tract are divided into two groups…
the alimentary canal and accessory organs.
Walls of the digestive tract (4) from the innermost layer to the outermost layer include the..
Tunica mucosa, the tunica submucosa, the tunica muscularis, and the tunica serosa.
The tunica mucosa consists of (from most superficial to deep) three layers.. what are they?
Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscilar mucosa.
From the stomach to the mouth, the tunica mucosa epithelium consists of this type of epithelum and is (kertinized/non-keritinized)
Stratified squamous epithelium; nonkeritinized.
From the stomach to the rectum, the tunica mucosa is made of this type of epithelium before changing back to sratified squamous at the anal canal..
Simple columnar epithelium.
The tunica submucosa holds these structures…
blood vessels, lymph vessels, and messiner’s submucosal plexus.
The structure of the tunica muscularis, with an inner layer of circular muscle and an outer later of longitufinal muscle, works to maintain what process?
Peristalsis.
What do the lips function as?
It functions as valves of the oral fissure, containing the sphincter that controls entry and exit from the mouth.
The differing color of the lips is due to vascularization by what branches of facial arteries?
The superior labial arteries and the inferior labial arteries.
A congenital anomaly of the lip where the the lip is not joined together, forming a cleft is called what?
Cleft lip or hare (as in a rabbit) lip.
The divisions within the mouth include:
The oral vestibule and the oral cavity.
The oral vestibule marks describes what area of the inner mouth?
Between he teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks.
The oral cavity describes what space of the inner mouth?
The space extending from the vestibule to the arch opening in the back of the mouth (fauces).
The hard palate consists of the area superficial to what bony structures?
Palatine process of the maxilla bone and the horizontal place of the palatine bone.
The soft palate also has a bony skeleton: true or false?
False. It has no bony skeleton.
Name a disease of the palate.
Cleft palette – occurs more frequently in women.
Humans and most mammals have diphyodont dentition. What does this mean?
We have two sets of teeth throughout our lifetime.
Humans and most mammals are heterodont in dentition. What does this mean?
We have teeth that are different in structure which are adapted to handle food in different ways.
The part of the tooth which holds the blood vessels is the __________ _________ of the tooth.
Pulp cavity.
The function of the extrinsic muscles of the run is to move the tongue which way in order to move food for chewing?
Side to side and in and out.
The instrinsic muscles of the tongue move the tongue in which way to aid speech and swallowing?
It alters the shape and size of the tongue.
Name the different (3) salivary glands:
Parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands.
The largest of the salivary glands is which gland?
The Parotid glands.
Where is the parotid gland located?
Under and in front of the ear between the skin and the masseter muscle.
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth.
Where are the sublingual glands located?
In the floor of the mouth between the mandible and the glenoglossus muscle.
The esophogus is posterior or anterior to the trachea and follows the curvature of the vertebeal column.
Posterior.
The top 1/3 of the tunuca muscularis of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle under the control of what what nervous system?
The somatic nervous system.
The middle 1/3 of the tunica muscularis of the esophagus is made of only smooth muscle: True or false?
False, it is made of both skeletal and smooth muscle.
The bottom 1/3 of the tunica muscularis is made of smooth muscle which is controlled by the….
autonomic nervous system.
In a cross section of the esophagus, the lining is made of what kind of epithelium and is it kertinized or non-keritinized?
It is made of stratified squamous epithelium which is nonkeritinized.
The top region of the stomach is called the _______.
Fundus.
The fundus is in contact with what structure of the body?
The diaphragm.
The middle of the stomach is called the ________.
Body
The cardiac part of the stomach marks the junction of what two structures of the digestive tract?
The esophagus and the stomach.
The cardiac part of the stomach has what structure which helps to stop regurgitation?
A sphincter.
The bottom part of the stomach is called the ____________ part of the stomach.
Pyloric.
The junction between the duodenum and the bottom of the stomach is marked by what structure of the stomach?
The pyloric sphincter.
In addition to layering of circular and longitudinal muscle layers, the tunica muscularis of the stomach has another layer of muscle running in what direction?
Obliquely.
This structure of the internal stomach helps to channel food in the direction of the gastric canal and also allows for expansion of the stomach.
The folds of the mucous membrane AKA rugae.
The divisions of the small intestine include:
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum (remember to spell with an e).
The large surface area needed for absorption in the small intestine is achieved through 4 methods:
Length, Pilcase circulares, villi, and microcilli.
Folds on the inside of the small intestine are called what?
Pilcae circulares
Villi of the small intestine can be described as what kind of projections?
Finger-like
Microvilli, compared to villi, differ such that microvili of the small intestine deal with singular cells: true or false?
True.
This microstructure of the small intestine is the lymphatic capillary in the villi of the small intestine used for fat absorption.
Central Lacteal
The function of Brunner’s Glands is to…
Secrete alkaline fluid to counter act the acidity of the stomach. secretes buffers!
Where are Brunner’s Glands found in the small intesntine?
They are found ONLY in the duodenum.
What are Peyer’s Patches?
Aggregations of lymphatic nodules.
Where are Peyer’s Patches found in the small intestine??
ONLY in the ileum.
Name the 4 divisions of the Large Intestine.
Cecum+Appendix, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal.
Does the large intestine have pilcae circulares?
No.
The Tenia Coli on the large intestine is made of 3 bands of what structure?
3 bands of longitudinal muscle of tunica muscularis.
The tenia coli work to form these structures on the large intestine.
Semilunar folds between haustra.
True or False: The large intestine has villi.
False.
The fat deposits on the large intestine are called…
Epiploic appendages.
True or false: The hepatic flexure is on the right side of the body.
True.
Is the Left colic flexure (or spleenic flexure) inferior to the hepatic flexure?
No, The Hepatic flexure is more inferior in the body than the spleenic flexure.
The ileum joins the large intestine at this structure.
The cecum.
McBurney’s point, where the base of the appendix can be found where using surface anatomical structures?
Two thirds the way between the naval and the right anterior superior iliac spine.
Name the different parts of the colon in the correct order.
Cecum+appendix, ascending colon, Hepatic flexure, transverse colon, spleenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectosigmoidal junction, recum, Anal canal, anus.
Does the rectum have tenia coli?
No.
This structure helps to support fecal material as it collects in the rectum.
Three permanent transverse folds.
This muscle loops around the rectum and helps to control defecation, in specificity, this muscle relaxes when a person needs to defecate.
Puborectalis Muscle.
The large intestine terminates at this structure..
Anal canal.
The anal canal above the pectinate line is controlled by this system of the PNS.
autonomic system
The anal canal below the pectinate line is controlled by this system of the PNS.
somatic system.
The exocrine function of the pancreas is to do what?
Secreate pancreatic juice which has enzymes which aid in digestion.
The endocrine function of the pancreas is to do what?
regulate blood sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon.
Exocrine refers to products leaving via …
a duct.
Endocrine refers to products leaving via…
diffusion.
Products leaving the pancreas, the gallbladder, and the liver, exit into the duodenum via this structure..
The major duodendal papilla.
The pancreas empties into the duodenum via the accessory pancreatic duct using this structure:
Minor duodenal papilla.
The falciform ligament terminates inferiorly at this structure:
Round ligament of the liver.
The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of what structure?
the umbilical vein.
This artery carries 30% of the blood INTO the liver. This blood is high in oxygen.
Hepatic ARTERY.
This Vein carries 70% of the blood INTO the liver. This blood is rich in nutrients.
Portal Vein.
The portal vein is formed by the union of two other veins. What are they?
The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
The mesenteric vein drains nutrients from this organ.
The intestinal tract.
The splenic vein trains this organ.
The spleen.
Blood leaves the liver and drains into the vena cava via this strcutre.
The hepatic VEIN.
The liver can be divided into ___ functional divisions, and further broken down into ____ functional segments.
4;8
The different functional sections are important surgically because why?
They are each have their own separate blood supply.
True or false: The gallbladder makes bile.
False, it is only a storage organ.
The common hepatic duct, common bile duct, and the pancreatic duct all flow into this structure before emptying into the duodendal ampilla.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is significant because blockage of the ampulla with gallstones can cause what?
pancreatitis.
This structure only opens up you have a meal, other wise it is clamped. This is also the mechanism by which bile is backed up into the glabladder.
Sphincter of the heptopancreatic ampulla.
