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Biology MCAT > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy

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2
Q

Extracellular Digestion

A

Processing of food in the Alimentary Canal

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3
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Digestive Tract from mouth to anus

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4
Q

Sphincters

A

Smooth muscles around the Alimentary Canal that can contract to allow compartmentalization of function

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5
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food to its constituent organic molecules

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6
Q

Two Types of Digestion (2)

A
  1. Mechanical Digestion; 2. Chemical Digestion
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7
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

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8
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

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9
Q

Absorption

A

Transport of products of digestion from digestive tract into the circulatory system

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10
Q

Structures of the Digestive Tract (7)

A
  1. Oral Cavity (mouth); 2. Pharynx; 3. Esophagus; 4. Stomach; 5. Small Intestine; 6, Large Intestine; 7. Rectum
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11
Q

What Organs provide Enzymes to the Digestive Tract? (4)

A
  1. Salivary Glands; 2. Pancreas; 3. Liver; 4. Gallbladder
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12
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Collection of neurons that govern the function of the gastrointestinal system

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of the gut tube

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14
Q

Hormones of Digestive System (6)

A
  1. ADH; 2. Aldosterone; 3. Glucagon; 4. Ghrelin; 5. Leptin; 6. Cholecystokinin
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15
Q

Hormones of Digestive System that cause Thirst (2)

A
  1. ADH; 2. Aldosterone
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16
Q

Hormones of Digestive System that cause Hunger (2)

A
  1. Glucagon; 2. Ghrelin
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17
Q

Hormones of Digestive System that decrease Hunger (2)

A
  1. Leptin; 2. Cholecystokinin
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18
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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19
Q

What produces Saliva?

A

Salivary Glands

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20
Q

How does Saliva aid in digestion?

A

It moistens and lubricates food

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21
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars

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22
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme in saliva that catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids

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23
Q

Three parts of the Pharynx (3)

A
  1. Nasopharynx; 2. Oropharynx; 3. Laryngopharnyx
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24
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Part of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity

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25
Q

Oropharynx

A

Part of the pharynx at the back of the mouth

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26
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Part of the pharynx above the vocal cords

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27
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that connects the pharnyx to the stomach

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28
Q

What muscles are on the Esophagus? Where are they on it?

A

Skeletal muscles on the top third, smooth muscles on the bottom third, and a mix of both in the center

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29
Q

Emesis

A

Emesis

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30
Q

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

A

Muscles in the oropharynx that initiate swallowing

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31
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)

A

Muscular ring just above the stomach that allows food to pass into the stomach

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32
Q

Stomach

A

Highly muscular organ that does chemical digestion

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33
Q

What is the volume of the stomach?

A

2 L

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34
Q

What acid is used by the stomach to break down food?

A

Hydrochloric acid, HCL

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35
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

2

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36
Q

Four Anatomical Divisions of the Stomach (4)

A
  1. Fundus; 2. Body; 3. Antrum; 4. Pylorus
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37
Q

Lesser Curvature

A

Internal curvature of the stomach (smaller side)

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38
Q

Greater Curvature

A

External curvature of the stomach (larger side)

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39
Q

Gastric Glands

A

Glands that respond to signals from the vagus nerve

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40
Q

Three Cells in Gastric Glands (3)

A
  1. Mucous Cells; 2. Chief Cells; 3. Parietal Cells
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41
Q

Mucous Cells

A

Gastric Gland Cells that produce bicarbonate-rich mucous that protects stomach wall from the acidic environment

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42
Q

Gastric Juice

A

Combination of secretions from Chief Cells and Parietal Cells

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43
Q

Chief Cells

A

Gastric Gland Cells that secrete pepsinogen

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44
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive version of Pepsin

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45
Q

Pepsin

A

Proteolytic Enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids

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46
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Gastric Gland Cells that secrete Hydrogen ions and Intrinsic Factors

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47
Q

Intrinsic Factors

A

Glycoprotein involved in proper absorption of vitamin B12

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48
Q

Pyloric Glands

A

Glands that contain G-cells that secrete gastrin

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49
Q

Gastrin

A

Peptide hormone that induces parietal cells to secrete more HCl and signals the stomach to contract, mixing its contents

50
Q

Chyme

A

Semifluid mixture of semi-dissolved food and acid

51
Q

What substances are absorbed directly from the stomach? (2)

A
  1. Alcohol; 2. Aspirin
52
Q

What parts of the stomach have Gastric glands? (2)

A
  1. Fundus; 2. Body
53
Q

What part of the stomach have Pyloric glands? (2)

A
  1. Antrum; 2. Pylorus
54
Q

Three sections of the Small Intestine (3)

A

Three sections of the Small Intestine (3)

55
Q

Duodenum

A

Part of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs

56
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Sphincter between the stomach and duodenum

57
Q

Brush-Border Enzymes

A

Enzymes on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum

58
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Enzymes that digest disaccharides

59
Q

Enzymes that digest disaccharides

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

60
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Pancreatic protease that turns into Trypsin

61
Q

Enterogastrone

A

Hormone that slows motility through the digestive tract

62
Q

Secretin

A

Enterogastrone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum

63
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Peptide hormone that stimulates the release of both bile and pancreatic juices and triggers the brain to promote satiety

64
Q

What pH are most digestive enzymes most optimal?

A

8.5

65
Q

Salivary Amylase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Salivary Glands, Mouth, Carbohydrate, Hydrolyzes starch to maltose and dextrins

66
Q

Pancreatic Amylase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Pancreas (acinar cells), Duodenum, Carbohydrate, Hydrolyzes starch to maltose and dextrins

67
Q

Maltase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Carbohydrate, Hydrolyzes maltose to two glucose molecules

68
Q

Isomaltase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Carbohydrate, Hydrolyzes isomaltose to two glucose molecules

69
Q

Sucrase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Carbohydrate, Hydrolyzes sucrose to glucose and fructose

70
Q

Lactase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Carbohydrate, Hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose

71
Q

Pepsin(ogen) (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Gastric Glands (Chief Cells), Stomach, Proteins, Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; activated by HCl

72
Q

Trypsin(ogen) (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Pancreas (acinar cells), duodenum, Proteins, Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin; activated by Enteropeptidase

73
Q

Chymotrypsin(ogen) (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Pancreas (acinar cells), duodenum, Proteins, Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds; activated by Trypsin

74
Q

(Pro)carboxy Peptidases A and B (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Pancreas (acinar cells), duodenum, Proteins, Hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at carboxy end; activated by Enteropeptidase

75
Q

Aminopeptidase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Proteins, Hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at amino end

76
Q

Dipeptidase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Proteins, Hydrolyzes pairs of amino acids

77
Q

Enteropeptidase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Intestinal Glands, Duodenum, Proteins, Converts Trypsinogen to Trypsin and procarboxypeptidases A and B to Carboxypeptidases A and B

78
Q

Bile (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Liver (stored in gall bladder), Duodenum, Lipids, Emulsifies Fat

79
Q

Lipase (Site of Production, Site of Function, Target Nutrient, Function)

A

Pancreas (acinar cells), Duodenum, Lipids, Hydrolyzes lipids

80
Q

Acinar Cells

A

Cells of the pancreas that produce Pancreatic Juices

81
Q

Pancreatic Peptidases (3)

A
  1. Trypsinogen; 2. Chymotripsinogen; 3. Carboxypeptidases A and B
82
Q

Zymogen form of an Enzyme

A

Inactivated form of an enzyme

83
Q

What Ducts do Pancreatic Juices use to get to the gut? (2)

A
  1. Major Duodenal Papillae; 2. Minor Duodenal Papillae
84
Q

Bile Ducts

A

Ducts that connect the Liver to the Gallbladder and the Small Intestine

85
Q

What makes Bile?

A

Liver

86
Q

What stores Bile?

A

Gallbladder

87
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Vein that connects the Gut to the Liver

88
Q

Bile

A

Fluid that gets fats into solution and increases their surface area

89
Q

Bile Components (3)

A
  1. Bile Salts; 2. Pigments; 3. Cholesterol
90
Q

Bile Salts

A

Molecules derived from cholesterol that aid in mechanical digestion of fats and help the chemical digestion of lipids

91
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Vein that connects the Gut to the Liver

92
Q

Bile

A

Fluid that Emulsifies fat to get it into solution and increase its surface area

93
Q

What main pigment is in Bile?

A

Bilirubin

94
Q

Bilirubin

A

Byproduct of the breakdown of hemoglobin

95
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin due to the build up of Bilirubin

96
Q

Albumin

A

Protein that maintains plasma onctoic pressure and serves as a carrier for drugs and hormones

97
Q

Gallbladder

A

Organ beneath the Liver that stores and concentrates bile

98
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Vessel that carries bile

99
Q

Villi

A

Small, finger-like projections from the Epithelial lining

100
Q

Microvilli

A

Little projections off of Villi that increase its surface area

101
Q

What parts of the Small Intestine are involved in Absorption? (2)

A
  1. Jejunum; 2. Ileum
102
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymphatic channel in Villi that takes up fats for transport into the lymphatic system

103
Q

How do carbohydrates, amino acids, and short-chain fatty acids enter the blood stream from the gut?

A

They Diffuse into Epithelial cells then are Diffuse into the Blood Stream

104
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Shipping packages that transport Triglycerides, Esterfied Cholesterol, and Fat-Soluble Vitamins into lacteals

105
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins (4)

A
  1. A; 2. D; 3. E; 4. K
106
Q

Transcellular movement of Water

A

Water moves through a cell membrane

107
Q

Paracellular movement of Water

A

Water moves between cells

108
Q

Large Intestine

A

Final part of GI tract that is involved in absorption of water

109
Q

Major Sections of the Large Intestine (3)

A
  1. Cecum; 2. Colon; 3. Rectum
110
Q

Cecum

A

Outpocketing in the large intestine that accepts fluid exiting the small intestine and is the site of attachment of the appendix

111
Q

Ileocecal Valve

A

Valve in the Cecum that accepts exiting fluid

112
Q

Appendix

A

Organ attached to the cecum that plays a role in warding off certain bacterial infections and repopulating the large intestine with normal flora after episodes of diarrhea

113
Q

Colon

A

Middle part of the large intestine that absorbs water and salts from undigested material left over from the small intestine and creates Feces

114
Q

Sections of the Colon (4)

A
  1. Ascending; 2. Transverse; 3. Descending; 4. Sigmoid
115
Q

Feces

A

Concentrate of undigested material made by the colon

116
Q

Rectum

A

Storage site for feces

117
Q

Anus

A

Opening through which wastes are eliminated

118
Q

Two Sphincters of the Anus (2)

A
  1. Internal Anal Sphincter; 2. External Anal Sphincter
119
Q

Which Sphincter in the anus is under Voluntary (somatic) control?

A

External Anal Sphincter

120
Q
A

Biology MCAT (9 decks)

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