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Biology MCAT > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

1) heart
2) blood vessels
3) blood

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • the first pump
  • the right side of heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries
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3
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • the second pump
  • the left side of the heart, which receives oxygenated blood from lungs by way of pulmonary veins and forces it out to the body through the aorta.
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4
Q

Heart

A
  • four chambered structure composed predominantly of cardiac muscle
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5
Q

Right Side of the Heart

A
  • accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and moves it to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries
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6
Q

Left Side of the Heart

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and forces it out to the body through the aorta
  • more muscular than the right side
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7
Q

Atria

A
  • thin walled structures that receive blood from the venae cavae (deoxygenated blood entering the right atrium) or pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood entering the left atrium)
  • contract to push blood to the ventricles
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8
Q

Ventricles

A
  • far more muscular than the atria
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9
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A
  • separate the atria from the ventricles
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10
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A
  • separates the right atrium from right ventricle
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11
Q

Bicuspid Valve (Mitral)

A
  • separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
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12
Q

Mnemonic for atrioventricular valves

A

LAB RAT
Left Atrium = Bicuspid
Right Atrium = Tricuspid

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13
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • separate the ventricles from the vasculature
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14
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A
  • separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation
  • three leaflets
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15
Q

Aortic Valve

A
  • separates the left ventricle from the aorta
  • three leaflets
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16
Q

Electrical Conduction

A

1) sinoatrial node (SA)
2) atrioventricular node (AV)
3) bundle of His (AV bundle) and branches
4) Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

A
  • located in the wall of the right atrium
  • initiates impulse without neural input
  • causes the two atria to contract simultaneously
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18
Q

Atrial Systole

A
  • forces a little more blood into the ventricles since filling of ventricle is passive
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19
Q

Atrial Kick

A
  • the additional blood filled in the ventricles caused by atrial systole
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20
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV)

A
  • located at the junction of the atria and ventricles
  • delays the signal to allow the ventricles to fill completely before contracting
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21
Q

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

A
  • located in the interventricular septum
  • carries signal from the AV node to the ventricles
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22
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A
  • located in the ventricular walls
  • propagate signal throughout ventricular muscle
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23
Q

Intercalated Discs

A
  • connect muscle cells
  • contain gap junctions directly connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing for coordinated ventricular contraction
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24
Q

Is the neurological input important in generating a contraction?

A

No, the cardiac muscle can contract without any neurological input. The input is important for speeding up or down the rate of contraction but not generating it in the first place.

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25
Q

How many beats per minute?

A

60-100 beats per minute

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26
Q

Vagus Nerve

A
  • provide parasympathetic innervations to the heart slowing its rate and decreasing contractility of cardiac muscle
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27
Q

Systole

A
  • ventricular contraction
  • closure of the AV valves
  • blood is pumped out of the ventricles
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28
Q

Diastole

A
  • the heart is relaxed
  • semilunar valves close
  • atria fill the ventricles with blood
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29
Q

Cardiac Output

A
  • the total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute
  • CO = HR x SV
  • understand graph
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30
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A
  • beats per minute (humans - 60-100/min)
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31
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A
  • volume of blood per beat
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32
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • highly muscular and elastic
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33
Q

Arterioles

A
  • branches of arteries that lead to capillaries
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34
Q

Capillaries

A
  • a single endothelial cell layer thick which allows red blood cells, gases, nutrients, endocrine signals, and wastes to perfuse the tissues
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35
Q

Venules

A
  • the venous side of the capillary network that connect to veins
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36
Q

Veins

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood into the superior and inferior vena cavae for entry into the right side of the heart
  • thin walled and inelastic (less recoil)
  • large veins contain valves (prevent backflow) that, with the help of skeletal muscle, aid blood in returning to the heart
  • except pulmonary and umbilical veins, they all carry deoxygenated blood.
  • higher pressure at the legs due to having to push blood up to the heart against gravity.
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37
Q

Endothelial Cells

A
  • line blood vessels
  • maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction
  • allow white blood cells to pass through the wall and into tissues during inflammatory response
  • release chemicals to help form blood clots
38
Q

What two arteries contain deoxygenated blood?

A

What two arteries contain deoxygenated blood?

39
Q

Do arteries and veins carry the same volume of blood?

A

No, the volume of arterial blood is normally much less than the volume of venous blood, but the total volume passing thru either side of the heart per time (cardiac output) is the same.

40
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A
  • returns blood from the portions of body above the heart
41
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A
  • returns blood from the portions of body below the heart
42
Q

Circulation

A

1) inferior and superior vena cava
2) right atrium
3) tricuspid valve
4) right ventricle
5) pulmonary valve
6) pulmonary arteries
7) lungs
8) pulmonary veins
9) left atrium
10) bicuspid valve (mitral)
11) left ventricle
12) aortic valve
13) aorta
14). arterioles
15). capillaries
16). Venules
17). Veins
18). Venae cavae

43
Q

Capillary Beds

A
  • most blood only passes through one capillary bed before returning to the heart
  • there are three portal systems in which blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart
44
Q

Portal Systems

A

1) hepatic portal system
2) hypophyseal portal system
3) renal portal system

45
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A
  • blood leaving capillary beds in the walls of the gut passes through the hepatic portal vein before reaching capillary beds in the liver
46
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A
  • blood leaving capillary beds in the hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones
47
Q

Renal Portal System

A
  • blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the vasa recta
48
Q

Plasma

A
  • the liquid portion of blood
  • aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins
49
Q

Cells

A

1) erythrocytes
2) leukocytes
3) platelets

50
Q

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

A

specialized cells designed for oxygen transport
- contain hemoglobin which binds four molecules of O2 each
- are biconcave (indentend on both side) which increases its SA for greater gas exchange and assists them traveling in small capillaries.
- lack membrane bound organelles (no oxidative phosphorylation, just glycolysis for ATP)
- cannot divide and therefore must be phagocytized by the spleen and liver

51
Q

Where are immature red blood cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

Biconcave Nature of RBC

A
  • assists in traveling through capillaries
  • increases cell surface area for greater gas exchange
53
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • measure of how much blood sample consists of red blood cells, as a percentage
54
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

A
  • 1% of blood
  • act as defenders against pathogens, foreign cells, cancer, and other materials not recognized as self
    Two classes:
    1) granulocytes
    2) agranulocytes
55
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • contain visible cytoplasmic granules
  • involved in inflammatory reactions (e.g. allergies) and destruction of bacteria and parasites
    1) neutrophils
    2) eosinophils
    3) basophils
56
Q

Agranulocytes

A

1) lymphocytes
2) monocytes

57
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • important in specific immune response —> the body’s targeted fight against particular pathogens (viruses and bacteria)
  • can function as primary responders or pathogen recognition
58
Q

Lymphocyte: B-cells

A
  • mature in the spleen or lymph nodes and are responsible for antibody generation
59
Q

Lymphocyte: T-cells

A
  • mature in the thymus and kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells
60
Q

Monocytes

A
  • phagocytize foreign matter
  • referred to as macrophages upon entering an organ
  • in the CNS referred to as microglia and in the skin as Langerhans cells
61
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A
  • cell fragments released from megakaryocytes (cells in bone marrow)
  • assist in blood clotting
62
Q

Where does all cellular elements of blood originate?

A

Blood marrow

63
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • production of blood cells and platelets
64
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • secreted by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell development
65
Q

Thrombopoietin

A
  • secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates platelet development
66
Q

Antigens

A
  • surface proteins on red blood cells
  • a specific target to which the immune system can react
    1) ABO antigens
    2) Rh factor
67
Q

ABO Antigens

A
  • A and B are codominant
  • O is recessive to both A and B and universal donor
  • AB is universal recipient
  • The I^A (A) and I^B (B) alleles are codominant, while the i (o) allele is recessive. An individual has antibodies for any ABO alleles he or she does not have.
68
Q

When are antibodies created?

A

In response to an antigen. Antigens are the stimuli for B-cells to make antibodies. After exposure of a B-cells to its specific antigen, the cell becomes an antibody-producing factory.

69
Q

What happens if someone is given the wrong ABO blood?

A

Hemolysis

70
Q

Rh Factor

A
  • surface protein on red blood cells
  • refers to the presence or absence of the allele D
  • Rh positivity is autosomal dominant (one positive allele is enough for protein expression)
  • Rh-negative individual will only create anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood.
71
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A
  • after giving birth the first time, fetal blood exposure results in making Rh antibodies (if she is Rh- and fetus Rh+)
  • condition whereby maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack fetal blood cells
72
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A
  • measure blood pressure as a force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels
  • normal blood pressure (90/60 and 120/80)
73
Q

Where goes the largest drop in blood pressure occur?

A

Arterioles. Capillaries are unable to withstand the pressure of the arterial side of the vasculature.

74
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • a ratio of systolic (vetricular contraction) to diastolic (ventricular relaxation) pressures
75
Q

Pressure Differential (ΔP)

A
  • ΔP = CO x TPR (total peripheral (vascular) resistance
76
Q

Arteriole and Capillaries Resistance

A
  • Longer blood vessel more resistance
  • Greater SA less resistance
  • Arterioles can contract to limit amount of blood entering a capillary bed.
  • All capillary bed parallel with each other, so opening beds will decrease vascular resistance
77
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • Specialized neurons that detect changes in mechanical forces on the walls of vessel
  • Used to regular blood pressure.
78
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • a hormone secreted by specialized atrial cells that aids in the loss of salt within the neuron
  • lowers blood pressure
79
Q

Oxygen Saturation

A
  • the percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen
80
Q

Cooperative Binding of Hemoglobin

A
  • hemoglobin consists of four prosthetic heme groups that can bind one O2 each, as each individual O2 molecule binds, it increases the affinity of the next heme group for the additional O2 molecule
  • also works in reverse for O2 offloading
  • results in a sigmoidal dissociation curve
81
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) vs. Adult Hemoglobin (HbA)

A
  • HbF has a higher affinity for O2 than HbA
82
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A

Partial pressure of oxygen:
20- Tissues during exercise
40- Tissues during rest
100- Lungs

83
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A
  • Carried by hemoglobin (lower affinity for it)
  • Exists as bicarbonate: when CO2 enter red blood cells, carbonic-anhydrase catalyzes combination of CO2 and water to form carbonic acid which dissociates
  • Some dissolved in plasma
84
Q

Bohr effect

A
85
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

The force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls. Generated by heart contraction and artery elasticity. Used to push fluid out of the bloodstream and into the interstitium through the capillary walls. Larger than osmotic pressure.

86
Q

At the arteriole end of a capillary bed, hydrostatic pressure is larger or smaller than oncontic pressure?

A

Larger, net efflux of water from circulation. As fluid moves out of the vessels, the hydrostatic pressure drops significantly, but the osmotic pressure stays about the same. At the venule end, oncotic pressure is greater and there is a net influx of water into circulation.

87
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the blood stream. Attributable to plasma proteins (called oncotic pressure)

88
Q

Starling forces

A
  • Balancing of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
  • maintains the proper fluid volumes and solute concentration inside and outside the vasculature.
89
Q

Edema

A
  • Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium
90
Q

Coagulation

A

1) platelets come into contact with exposed collagen and release their contents which begin to aggregate
2) coagulation factors from the liver sense tissue factor and initiate a complex activation cascade ending in the activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin
3) thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a net in which to capture red blood cells and platelets forming a stable clot

91
Q

Clot Breakdown

A
  • via plasmin formed by plasminogen

Biology MCAT (9 decks)

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