Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology MCAT > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fertilization is

A

the joining of sperm and an ovumn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fertilization usually
occurs in

A

the ampulla of the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The sperm uses acrosomal
enzymes to

A

Penetrate the oocyte’s plasma membrane, the sperm establishes the acrosomal apparatus and injects its pronucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When the first sperm penetrates, it causes

A

a release of calcium ions, which prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the egg and increases the metabolic rate of the resulting diploid zygote

This is called the cortical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fraternal twins result from

A

the fertilization of two different ova by two different spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identical twins result from

A

the fertilization of one oocyte,then separation of daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monozyogotic twins
can be classified by

A

the placental structures they share (aminon and
chorion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cleavage refers to the

A

Early division of the cells into embryo.
These mitotic divisions result in a larger number of smaller cells, as the overall volume does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The zygote becomes an embryo after

A

the first cleavage because it is no longer unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Indeterminate cleavage results in

A

cells that are capable of becoming an cell in the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Determinate cleavage results in

A

cells that are committed to differentiating into a specific cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The morula is

A

a solid mass of cells seen in early development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The blastula is

A

A mass of cells with fluid-filled center called a blastocel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two structures of blastula?

A

Trophoblast (becomes placental structure)
Inner cell mass (becomes the developing organism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The blastula implants in the

A

Endometrial Lining and forms the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The chorion contains

A

Chorionic villi which penetrate the endometrium and create the interface between maternal and fetal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Before the placenta is established,

A

the embryo is supported by the yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The allantois is

A

Involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The amnion lies just inside

A

the chorion and produces amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The developing organism is connected to the placenta via

A

the umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

During gastrulation, the

A

the archenteron is formed with a blastopore at the end as the archenteron grows through the blastocoel, it contacts the opposite side, establishing three primary germ layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The ectoderm becomes…

A

epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal cavity, as well as the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The mesoderm becomes…

A

much of the musculoskeletal,circulatory and excretory systems,
Also gives rise to the gonads and the muscular connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory systems, as well as the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The endoderm becomes…

A

much of the epithelial lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts,

Parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurlation begins

A

after the formation of the three germ layers

26
Q

The notochord induces

A

A group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds surrounding a neural groove

27
Q

The neural folds fuse to form

A

the neural tube which becomes the CNS

28
Q

The tip of each neural
fold contains

A

Neural crest cells which become the PNS as well as the specific cell types in other tissues

29
Q

Teratogens are

A

subtance tht interfere with development causing defects or even death of the developing embryo.

30
Q

Cell Specialization occurs as a result of

A

determination and differentiation

31
Q

Cell Determination is

A

The commitment to a specific cell lineage, which may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or morphogens which promote development down a specific cell line

32
Q

Differentiation refers to

A

the changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on cahracteristics appropriate to its cell line

33
Q

Describe what stem cells are.

A

Cells that are capable of developing into various cell types

34
Q

Totipotent cells are able to

A

differentiate into all cell types, including the three germ layers and placental structure

35
Q

Pluripotent cells are able to

A

Differentiate into all three germ layers and their derivatives

36
Q

Multipotent cells are able to

A

differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types

37
Q

Cell communicate through a numberof different signaling methods. An inducer…

A

release factors to promote the differentiation of a competent responder

38
Q

Autocrine signals act

A

on the same cell that released the signal

39
Q

Paracrine signals act

A

on local cells

40
Q

Describe Juxtacrine signaling.

A

Signals that act through direct stimulation of adjacent cells

41
Q

Describe Endocrine signaling.

A

Signals that act on distant tissues after traveling through blood stream

42
Q

Describe growth factors.

A

peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain cells

43
Q

Describe reciprocal induction.

A

Two tissues that both induce further differentiation in each other

44
Q

SIgnaling often occurs via

A

gradients

45
Q

Cells may need to….

A

migrate to arrive at their correct location

46
Q

Describe apoptosis.

A

Programmed cell death via the formation of apoptotic blebs that can subsequently be absorbed and digested by other cells.

47
Q

Describe Regenerative capacity.

A

The ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body

48
Q

What is Senescence?

A

The result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes, most notably, the shortening of telomeres during the cell division

49
Q

Describe the role of placenta during pregnancy.

A

Place where nutrient, gas and waste exchange occurs

50
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a higher affinity for

A

oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbA)

this affinity assists in the transfer and retention oxygen into the fetal circulatory system

51
Q

The placental barrier also serves as

A

Immune protection against many pathogens and antibodies are transfered from mother to child

52
Q

The placenta serves

A

endocrine functions, secreting estrogens progesterone, and human chorionic gonotropin

53
Q

Descrribe the role of the umbilical arteries on fetal development.

A

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

54
Q

Describe the role of the umbilical veins on fetal development.

A

they carry oxygenated blood from the placenta back to the fetus

55
Q

The fetal circulatory sytem differ from the adult version by

A

Having three shunts that direct blood away from the lungs and liver

56
Q

Describe the froamen ovale.

A

connects the right atrium to the left atrium bypassing the lungs

57
Q

Ductus ateriosus

A

connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs

58
Q

In the first trimester what occurs

A

organogenesis (development of heart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver and brain)

59
Q

In the second trimester what occurs

A

Tremendous growth, movement begins, the face becomes distinctly human, and the digits elongate

60
Q

In the third trimester what occurs

A

rapid growth and brain development, transfer of antibodies to the fetus

61
Q

Explain what happens during birth.

A

The cervix thins out and the amniotic sac ruptures

Uterine contractions are coordinated by prostaglandings and oxytocin, resulting in birth of the fetus

Finally, the placental and umbilical cord are expelled

Biology MCAT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions