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Human Biology Unit 1 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Bile is produced by the liver. It emulsifies (breaks down) fats.

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2
Q

What is bolus?

A

Substanceformed from the action of teeth, tongue and salivary glands on food.

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3
Q

What is chyme?

A

Broken down food leaving the stomach.

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4
Q

What is amylase and its function?

A

An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates to simple sugars (e.g. glucose).

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5
Q

What is protease and its function?

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins to amino acids.

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6
Q

What is lipase and its function?

A

An enzyme that breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol.

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7
Q

What is the function of a goblet cell?

A

Produces mucus to protect the lining of the stomach.

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8
Q

What is the function of a parietal cell?

A

Produces HCl.

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9
Q

What is the function of a mast cell?

A

Inflammatory response.

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10
Q

What is the function of a chief cell?

A

Produce pepsin.

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11
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Senses of wavelike contractions of muscle to move bolus and chyme.

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12
Q

What is microvilli?

A

The small wrinkles on villi.

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13
Q

What is villi and their function?

A

Villi are folds in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption.

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14
Q

What are the six processes of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical digestion
  3. Chemical digestion
  4. Movement
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
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15
Q

What is the process of ingestion?

A

Taking in food and water.

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16
Q

What is the process of mechanical digestion?

A

Breaking down large pieces of food into smaller pieces.

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17
Q

What is the process of chemical digestion?

A

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

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18
Q

What is the process of movement?

A

Peristalsis along the digestive tract.

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19
Q

What is the process of absorption?

A

Digested simple soluble compounds into the bloodstream.

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20
Q

What is the process of elimination?

A

Expulsion of undigested food through the anus.

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21
Q

What is the external opening of the rectum through which faces leave the body?

A

The anus.

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22
Q

What is the anus?

A

The external opening of the rectum through which faces leave the body.

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23
Q

What is digestion?

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food.

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24
Q

What is the physical and chemical breakdown of food?

A

Digestion

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25
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The body system where ingestion, digestion, absorption, movement and elimination of food occurs.

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26
Q

What is the body system where ingestion, digestion, absorption, movement and elimination of food occurs?

A

The digestive system.

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27
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

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28
Q

What is the muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach?

A

The oesophagus.

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29
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

A small organ located near the liver which aids in digestion of fats by adding bile.

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30
Q

What is the small organ located near the liver which aids in digestion of fats by adding bile?

A

The gall bladder.

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31
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

The lower part of the gut comprising of the appendix, cecum and colon.

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32
Q

What is the lower part of the gut comprising of the appendix, cecum and colon?

A

The large intestine.

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33
Q

What is the liver?

A

The body’s largest internal organ. Has important roles in digestion and homeostasis.

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34
Q

What is the body’s largest internal organ. Has important roles in digestion and homeostasis?

A

The liver

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35
Q

What is the mouth?

A

The body opening through where food enters the digestive tract. Includes the cheeks, hard and soft palates, tongue, lips and teeth.

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36
Q

What is the body opening through where food enters the digestive tract. Includes the cheeks, hard and soft palates, tongue, lips and teeth?

A

The mouth

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37
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Large organ that has both digestive and endocrine functions. it is both an exocrine and endocrine gland.

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38
Q

What is the large organ that has both digestive and endocrine functions. it is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?

A

The pancreas

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39
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The area situated below the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the oesophagus. Also called the throat.

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40
Q

What is the area situated below the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the oesophagus. Also called the throat?

A

The pharynx

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41
Q

What is saliva?

A

A watery secretion in the mouth produced by the three salivary glands. It has roles in food digestion and lubrication.

42
Q

What is the watery secretion in the mouth produced by the three salivary glands. It has roles in food digestion and lubrication?

A

Saliva

43
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

The upper part of the gut comprising of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It is the main site of food absorption.

44
Q

What is the upper part of the gut comprising of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It is the main site of food absorption?

A

The small intestine

45
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Large muscular digestive organ located between the oesophagus and small intestine. It secretes protein digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid digestion of food.

46
Q

What is the large muscular digestive organ located between the oesophagus and small intestine. It secretes protein digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid digestion of food?

A

The stomach

47
Q

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

A

Breaks up food particles.

48
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands in the digestive system?

A
  • Saliva moistens and lubricates food.
  • Amylase digests polysaccharides
49
Q

What is the function of the pharynx in the digestive system?

A

Swallows

50
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus in the digestive system?

A

Transports food from the mouth to the stomach.

51
Q

What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?

A
  • Stores and churns food.
  • Pepsin digest protein
  • Hal activates enzymes, breaks up food, kills germs.
  • Mucus protects stomach wall from acid.
  • Limited absorption.
52
Q

What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

A
  • Breaks down and builds up many biological molecules.
  • Stores vitamins and ions
  • Destroys old blood cells and poisons
  • Produces bile which aids in digestion.
53
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder in the digestive system?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

54
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A
  • Hormones regulate blood glucose levels.
  • Bicarbonates neutralise stomach acid.
  • Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins.
  • Amylase digests polysaccharides.
  • Lipase digests lipids.
55
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A
  • Completes digestion.
  • Mucus protects gut wall.
  • Absorbs nutrients, most water.
  • Peptidase digests proteins.
  • Sucrase digest sugars.
  • Amylase digests polysaccharides.
56
Q

What is the function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A
  • Reabsorbs some water and ions.
  • Forms and stores feces.
57
Q

What is the function of the rectum in the digestive system?

A

Stores and expels feces.

58
Q

What is the function of the anus in the digestive system?

A

Opening for elimination of feces.

59
Q

Describe the mechanical digestion processes of the mouth.

A
  • Jaw and teeth = chewing.
  • Food is broken up into smaller pieces.
  • Tongue moves the food around to be chewed.
60
Q

Describe the chemical digestion processes of the mouth.

A
  • Saliva is secreted into oral cavity by three pairs of salivary glands.
  • Saliva containing mucus and digestive enzyme (salivary amylase).
  • Salivary amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars (carbohydrates to polysaccharides).
61
Q

Describe the mechanical digestion processes of the stomach.

A
  • Churning: waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall to come into contact with gastric juices, breaks down food.
  • 3 types of muscles: circular, longitudinal and oblique.
  • Food is now called chyme.
62
Q

Describe the chemical digestion processes of the stomach.

A
  • Protease (pepsin enzyme) in gastric juices mix with HCl to break down proteins.
63
Q

Describe the mechanical digestion processes of the small intestine.

A
  • Peristalsis (segmentation) makes the chyme back and forth.
  • Bile emulsifies fats aiding in mechanical digestion.
64
Q

Describe the chemical digestion processes of the small intestine.

A
  • Pancreatic and intestinal juices contain enzymes.
  • Amylase - monosaccarides
  • Protease - amino acids
  • Lipase - fatty acids and glycerol
65
Q

Name and describe the mechanical and chemical digestion that occurs in the digestive system. (15 marks)

A
  • Jaw and teeth = chewing.
  • Food is broken up into smaller pieces.
  • Tongue moves the food around to be chewed.
  • Saliva is secreted into oral cavity by three pairs of salivary glands.
  • Saliva containing mucus and digestive enzyme (salivary amylase).
  • Salivary amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars (carbohydrates to polysaccharides).
  • Churning: waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall breaks down food.
  • 3 types of muscles: circular, longitudinal and oblique.
  • Food is now called chyme.
  • Protease (pepsin enzyme) in gastric juices mix with HCl to break down proteins.
  • Peristalsis (segmentation) makes the chyme back and forth.
  • Bile emulsifies fats aiding in mechanical digestion.
  • Pancreatic and intestinal juices contain enzymes.
  • Amylase - monosaccarides
  • Protease - amino acids
  • Lipase - fatty acids and glycerol
66
Q

How many types of teeth are there?

A

4

67
Q

What are the four different types of teeth?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

68
Q

How many of each teeth are there in the lower jaw?
Is this the same for the upper jaw?

A
  • Four incisors
  • Two canines
  • Four premolars
  • Six molars
  • Yes the upper jaw and lower jaw have the same amount of teeth and each type of tooth.
69
Q

Describe incisors and their function.

A

Chisel-shaped teeth used for biting or cutting (e.g. biting an apple).

70
Q

Describe canines and their function.

A

One on each side of the incisors. Conical teeth used for tearing. Same length as other teeth.

71
Q

Describe premolars and molars and their function.

A

Two premolars on each side of the jaw and three molars on each side. Premolars and molars have broad crowns with rounded cusps. The cusps of the teeth of one jaw fit into depressions on the surface of teeth on the other jaw, making them ideal for crushing and grinding food.

72
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

73
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.

74
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system?

A

Liver, gall bladder, pancreas and salivary glands.

75
Q

What are the main organs in the digestive system?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

76
Q

What is the pathway food would pass through the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth to pharynx to oesophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to rectum to anus.

77
Q

What does absorption refer to in the digestive system?

A

Taking nutrients into the bloodstream.

78
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion refer to breaking down FOOD particles PHYSICALLY. Chemical refers to breaking down MOLECULES with e.g. digestive enzymes.

79
Q

What are four types of mechanical digestion and the organs involved?

A
  • Chewing (mastication) - mouth
  • Churning - stomach
  • Emulsification (bile) - liver
  • Peristalsis/segmentation - small intestine
80
Q

What is the simplest product formed in the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars/monosaccharides

81
Q

What is the simplest product formed in the chemical breakdown of proteins?

A

Amino acids

82
Q

What is the simplest product formed in the chemical breakdown of fat/lipids?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

83
Q

What is gastric juice made up of?

A

Hydrochloric acid, mucus and enzymes.

84
Q

What is the function of HCl in gastric juice?

A

Activates the pepsin enzymes to begin chemical digestion.

85
Q

What is the function of mucus in gastric juice?

A

To protect the lining of the stomach from acid.

86
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

1-2

87
Q

What is the function of the digestive enzymes in gastric juice?

A

Begin chemical digestion in the stomach.

88
Q

What is the main role of the small intestine?

A

Absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

89
Q

What is the main role of the large intestine?

A

Absorb water and excess vitamins.

90
Q

What is the main role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Produces bile.

91
Q

What is the main role of the gall bladder in the digestive system?

A

Stores and concentrates bile

92
Q

What is the main role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

Create pancreatic juices

93
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A
  • Moves food around to come into contact with saliva.
  • Push bolus into the pharynx for swallowing.
94
Q

Describe the structure of the oesophagus.

A
  • Tube ~30cm long
  • Smooth muscle
  • Connects pharynx to stomach
95
Q

What are the two types of muscle involved in peristalsis in the oesophagus?

A

Longitudinal and circular

96
Q

How long can digestion take in the stomach?

A

Up to 6-8 hours

97
Q

What can be absorbed in the stomach?

A

Drugs e.g. panadol, aspirin, alcohol and caffeine.

98
Q

What is the lining in the stomach called?

A

Mucosa lining.

99
Q

Describe the chemical digestion of carbohydrates (polysaccharides) throughout the digestive system.

A
  • Polysaccharides are first broken down into disaccharides (maltose) by first salivary amylase in the mouth and then pancreatic amylase in the small intestine.
  • These disaccharides (maltose) are broken down into the simplest form monosaccharides (glucose/simple sugars) by intestinal amylase in the small intestine.
100
Q

Describe the chemical digestion of proteins throughout the digestive system.

A
  • Proteins are first broken down into polypeptides by gastric protease (pepsin) in the stomach.
  • These polypeptides are broken down into dipeptides by pancreatic protease in the small intestine.
  • The dipeptides are broken down into the smallest form amino acids by intestinal protease in the small intestine.
101
Q

Describe the chemical digestion of lipids (fats) throughout the digestive system.

A
  • Lipids are first broken down into tiny lipid droplets by bile salts that mechanically digest them through emulsification in the small intestine.
  • These tiny lipid droplets are broken down into the smallest form fatty acids and glycerol by pancreatic and intestinal lipase in the small intestine.
102
Q

Does digestion occur in the large intestine?

A

No

Human Biology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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