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Human Biology Unit 1 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Do veins carry blood to or from the heart?

A

Veins carry blood to the heart.

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2
Q

Do arteries carry blood to or from the heart?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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3
Q

What is blood?

A

A fluid that transports substances to and from cells. Composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.

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4
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Clear fluid containing nutrients and wastes of body cells.

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5
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen gas from the lungs to the rest of the body.

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6
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight disease by engulfing bacteria and viruses (protect body from infection).

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7
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help in the process of blood clotting (involved).

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8
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen. Is red in the presence of oxygen.

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9
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the pulmonary artery.

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10
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps blood into the aorta.

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11
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

Receives blood from vena cava and pumps blood the the right ventricle.

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12
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary vein and pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left ventricle.

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13
Q

What is the function of semilunar valves?

A

Prevents back flow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles.

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14
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Prevents back flow from the ventricles to the atria.

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15
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels where exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs to and from body cells.

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16
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries de-oxygenated blood back from the body to the heart.

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17
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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18
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Transports de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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19
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all body parts except the lungs.

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20
Q

What are arteries?

A

Vessels which carry blood away from the heart.

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21
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels which carry blood towards the heart.

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22
Q

What is the main organ of the circulatory system?

A

The heart

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23
Q

What type of muscle makes up the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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24
Q

What is the fluid part of the circulatory system?

A

Blood

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25
Q

What are the components that form blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
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26
Q

Summarise the circulation of blood around the body starting and finishing at body cells and capillaries. (13 steps)

A
  1. Body cells and capillaries
  2. Veins from the body and head
  3. Vena cava
  4. Right atrium
  5. Right ventricle
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Lungs
  8. Pulmonary vein
  9. Left atrium
  10. Left ventricle
  11. Aorta
  12. Arteries to the body and head
  13. Body cell and capillaries
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27
Q

What valve is bicuspid?

A

Left AV valve

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28
Q

What valve is tricuspid?

A

Right AV valve

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29
Q

Explain why the human heart is a double pump.

A
  • Blood goes through the heart twice.
  • The right side pumps to the lungs.
  • The left side pumps to the rest of the body.
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30
Q

Why is the muscle on the left side of the heart thicker than the right?

A

The left side of the heart puts blood too close to the whole body, whereas the right pumps blood to the lungs. Therefore, the left side requires more muscle to be able to have the strength to pump the blood.

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31
Q

What is a blood transfusion?

A

A transfer of blood or a blood product from a donor directly into the bloodstream of a recipient.

32
Q

What is responsible for a blood group?

A

Antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

33
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance found on the surface of red blood cells capable of producing a specific immune response (sugar and protein molecules).

34
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein found in the blood plasma produced by the body’s immune system in response to a non-self antigen.

35
Q

Why was the discovery of the ABO system such a significant medical breakthrough?

A

It allowed patients to receive blood with the right antigens and antibodies present.

36
Q

Why does blood from an incompatible donor cause a transfusion reaction in the recipient?

A

Because the immune system recognises it as non-self so the blood cells react with antibodies in the cells which clumps and blocks capillaries, which can cause rupture (body attacks the new blood).

37
Q

Do both blood groups co-exist?

A

Yes, the ABO blood group exists independently of the Rh blood group because the DNA to prove the instructions is inherited independently.

38
Q

Why is blood type O- sometimes called the universal donor?

A

Because they can donate to all blood groups, as they have no antigens to recognise.

39
Q

Why is blood type AB+ sometimes called the universal recipient?

A

Because they can receive blood from all blood groups, as they have no antibodies present.

40
Q

What antigens are present in blood type A?

A

A antigens

41
Q

What antibodies are present in blood type A?

A

anti-B

42
Q

What antigens are present in blood type B?

A

B antigens

43
Q

What antibodies are present in blood type B?

A

anti-A

44
Q

What antigens are present in blood type AB?

A

A + B antigens

45
Q

What antibodies are present in blood type AB?

A

None

46
Q

What antigens are present in blood type O?

A

None

47
Q

What antibodies are present in blood type O?

A

anti-A + B

48
Q

What blood types can blood type A donate to?

A

A and AB

49
Q

What blood types can blood type B donate to?

A

B and AB

50
Q

What blood types can blood type AB donate to?

A

AB

51
Q

What blood types can blood type O donate to?

A

A, B, AB and O

52
Q

What blood types can blood type A receive blood from?

A

A and O

53
Q

What blood types can blood type B receive blood from?

A

B and O

54
Q

What blood types can blood type AB receive blood from?

A

A, B, AB and O

55
Q

What blood types can blood type O receive blood from?

A

O

56
Q

What antigens are present in blood type Rh+?

A

Rh antigens

57
Q

What antigens are present in blood type Rh-?

A

None

58
Q

What antibodies are present in blood type Rh+?

A

None

59
Q

What antibodies are present in blood type Rh-?

A

anti-Rh

60
Q

What are the steps of blood clotting?

A
  1. Tear in blood vessel
  2. Vessel contracts
  3. Rough surface attracts platelets.
  4. Platelets plug damaged wall
  5. Platelets release vasoconstrictors
  6. Clotting factors react (fibres forms)
  7. Forms meshwork that trap platelets
  8. Clot retraction
  9. Scab forms
61
Q

What are the steps of blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. De-oxygenated blood enters the superior or inferior vein cava.
  2. De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
  3. Blood travels through the tricuspid valve.
  4. Blood enters the right ventricle.
  5. Blood moves through the pulmonary valve.
  6. Blood is taken to the lungs.
  7. Oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary vein.
  8. Blood enters the left atrium.
  9. Blood travels through the bicuspid valve.
  10. Blood enters the left ventricle.
  11. Blood moves through the aortic valve.
  12. Blood travels through the aorta and systemic arteries.
62
Q

Why are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves important?

A

Prevents back flow when ventricles contract.

63
Q

Explain why the wall of arteries need to be thick with a lot of elastic tissue.

A

To give greater resistance to the higher blood pressure of the blood leaving the heart.

64
Q

Explain why arterioles lack an elastic tissue layer.

A

The blood pressure is lower so does not require the thick walls.

65
Q

What is the purpose of smooth muscle in the artery walls?

A

To give stretch and contraction.

66
Q

What happens to the diameter of an arteriole when vasodilation comes into effect?

A

It gets bigger.

67
Q

Describe the effect of vasodilation on blood pressure.

A

It decreases.

68
Q

Explain the roles of valves in assisting veins return blood back to the heart.

A

Prevent back flow of the blood as it returns to the heart.

69
Q

Why does blood ooze from a vein wound but squirt from an arterial wound?

A

Blood in arteries flow at a higher pressure than in veins.

70
Q

Describe atrial systole.

A
  • AV valves open
  • SL valves closed
  • Atria contracts (high pressure)
  • Ventricles relaxed (low pressure)
  • The SA node send out an impulse causing the left and right atria to contract.
71
Q

Describe ventricular systole.

A
  • AV valves closed (lub)
  • SL valves open
  • Atria relaxed (low pressure)
  • Ventricles contracts (high pressure)
  • An electrical signal is conducted throughout the ventricles causing them to contract.
72
Q

Describe ventricular diastole.

A
  • AV valves open
  • SL valves closed (dub)
  • Atria relaxed (low pressure)
  • Ventricles relaxed (low pressure)
  • High pressure in the arteries, low pressure in the ventricles.
73
Q

Describe ventricular and atrial diastole.

A
  • AV valves open
  • SL valves closed
  • Atria relaxed (low pressure)
  • Ventricles contracts (high pressure)
  • Blood naturally flows into the heart due to low diastolic pressure.
74
Q

Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. (12 marks)

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins to the heart and capillaries are the site of material exchange between blood and cells.
  • Arteries have thick, muscular, elastic walls. Veins have thin little muscle, inelastic walls. Capillaries have walls one cell thick (permeable).
  • Arteries have a small lumen, veins have a wide lumen and capillaries have a very small lumen.
  • Arteries and capillaries have high blood pressure and no valves. Veins have low blood pressure and valves.
75
Q

Describe the location and colour of arteries and veins.

A
  • Arteries are located deep in muscles and are red/pink due to elastic.
  • Veins are closer to the skin and dark red.
76
Q

What is the function of blood plasma?

A

Transports the components of blood, including cells, nutrients and antibodies throughout the body.

Human Biology Unit 1 (9 decks)

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