Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anus :)

A

the opening through which solid waste leaves the body; posterior opening, protected by anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bile

A

salty green liquid produced by the liver; stored in the gallbladder until a hormone signals its release; emulsifies fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Capillary

A

located in intestines, pick up nutrients; smallest type of blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

muscle constriction at the base of the esophagus (cardiac = close to the heart), must relax and open before food materials can enter esophagus; prevents contents of stomach from moving back up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chemical digestion

A

involves enzymes which break down chemical bonds in food, allowing them to be digested easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Digestive enzyme

A

hydrolytic enzymes that chemically break food molecules into monomers; found in saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic, and intestinal juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Digestive tract

A

tube which conducts food through the body from mouth to anus; has accessory organs attached to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine (about 6 in); food materials are released from stomach via pyloric sphincter; where majority of digestive activity takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Emulsification

A

the process of mechanically breaking (physically digesting) fat clusters into smaller pieces through the use of bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Epiglottis

A

ventral flap of tissue that opens the top of trachea for breathing and closes it during swallowing, preventing individuals from choking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Esophagus

A

entry point to the stomach; lined with circular and longitudinal muscles which conduct peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gallbladder

A

where bile is stored until its release; attached to underside of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gastric juice (stomach fluids)

A

mixture of fluids secreted by stomach (fruit punch but stomach ver.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

A

pH 1.5-2.5; combines with pepsinogen to make pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Insulin

A

secreted by the pancreas; lowers blood sugar levels by increasing cell’s ability to use it; promotes storage in the form of glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intestinal juice

A

secreted by small intestine; contains additional enzymes such as disaccharidases and peptidases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lacteals

A

absorptive end of lymphatic system + where reconstructed fats go (aka lymph capillary), transport products of fat digestion away from intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Large intestine (colon)

A

where remains of food and indigestible materials like cellulose pass into

19
Q

Lipase

A

digests lipids by removing the fatty acid from the glycerol molecule

20
Q

Liver

A

body’s largest internal organ, posterior to the diaphragm; many functions aside from digestion (mainly produces bile to emulsify fats)

21
Q

Maltase

A

completes digestion of carbohydrates into monosaccharides that can be absorbed (ie. breaks down maltose into a single sugar)

22
Q

Nuclease

A

enzyme which digests nucleic acids (DNA + RNA) into nucleotides ACTG and U; is a component of both pancreatic and intestinal juice

23
Q

Pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice and specializes as an endocrine gland: produces and secretes insulin and glucagon

24
Q

Amylase

A

enzyme which dissolves starch into maltose, is produced by the salivary glands and pancreas (also in salivary glands)

25
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

made of six components: four enzymes (amylase, lipase, trypsin, and nuclease), a buffer (sodium bicarbonate), and water; each enzyme contributes to digestion of a specific polymer

26
Q

Pepsin

A

breaks down large proteins into peptides (5-10 AA), made of HCl reacting with pepsinogen

27
Q

Pepsinogen

A

precursor of pepsin secreted by the stomach wall; must react with HCl to become pepsin, HCl removes amino acids

28
Q

Peptidase

A

breaks polypeptide bonds in the duodenum (from 2-3 AA to 1 AA)

29
Q

Peristalsis

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract; begins in esophagus

30
Q

Pharynx

A

region in the back of the mouth, serves as a common passageway for food and air

31
Q

Physical digestion

A

also known as mechanical digestion; physical change: breaks food up into smaller pieces

32
Q

Protease

A

enzyme which digests proteins, such as pepsin

33
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

similar to cardiac sphincter; located at the posterior end of the stomach and controls passage of acid chyme into the duodenum

34
Q

Rectum

A

temporarily stores feces until defecation; last portion of the large intestine lined with nerves- when it is full, sends signal through the nervous system to trigger the “dumping reflex”

35
Q

Salivary amylase (pytalin)

A

breaks down starch into sugar (maltose)

36
Q

Salivary gland

A

produces saliva for the mouth

37
Q

Salivary juice

A

lubricates food for easier swallowing- sticks food together

38
Q

Small intestine

A

produces and secretes intestinal juice; specialized for transport, digestion and absorption

39
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

buffer in pancreatic juice; dissociates to release bicarbonate ions and neutralizes pH from 3 to 8.5 so that pepin stops working and ensures there are no holes in small intestine!

40
Q

Stomach

A

J-shaped organ which stores and disinfects food through stomach acid; source of both physical and chemical digestion

41
Q

Swallowing

A

process by which food moves down the esophagus and into the stomach

42
Q

Trypsin

A

originally produced as trypsinogen; breaks down large peptides into smaller peptides (2-3 AA)

43
Q

Villus

A

finger-like projections in small intestine specialized for absorption

Biology 12 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions