Digestive System #1 Flashcards
Missing teeth
loss of permanent teeth after the loss of primary teeth
can cause joint disease, or bolting (inadequate chewing) which leads to digestive disturbances
causes = dental decay, age, dental injury, may be a sign for other diseases
treatment = permanent or removable false tooth
Impacted third molars
third molar (wisdom teeth) is malpositioned prevent normal eruption generally erupts around 17 and 21 years of age impacted when they do not have enough room to erupt due to bone structure or other teeth treatment = antibiotic for infections, extraction
Dental caries
also known as tooth decay, can lead to pain, abscess may form
infection arises from erosion of tooth surface, first appears at white spots
caused by bacteria that forms acid plaques from sugars, which erodes the enamel, causing a cavity
treatment = diseased portion is removed then filled with dental amalgam, composite material, root canal procedure, tooth extraction
Discoloured teeth
colour may range from slight yellow to brown and grey
can be caused by age, smoking, red wine, coffee, tea, drugs, antibacterial mouthwash
treatment = if superficial, then polishing, otherwise use bleaching procedure or cap and crown
Gingivitis
inflammation and swelling of the gums
gums become red, soft and shiny, bleed easily, can lead to bone disease
almost 50% of american adults have some gingivitis
causes = plaque, vitamin deficiencies, pregnant women, diabetics
treatment = removal of plaque from cleaning, mouthwash, root planing
Periodontitis
destructive gum and bone disease around teeth
end result of gingivitis, teeth become sensitive to temperature extremes in food, painful during chewing
generally due to lack of oral hygiene, smoking, HIV, diabetes
treatment = SCP scaling, root planing, curettage, surgery
Oral tumors
can develop anywhere in/on surface of mouth, gums, cheeks or palate, not teeth
benign are not life threatening, malignant are not painful until advanced stages
tobacco seems to affect tumor development into malignancy
treatment = benign are excised
Malocclusion
angles of malposition and contact of maxillary and mandibular teeth
faulty bite = malocclusion, protrusion or recession of faw
occurs due to heredity, finger sucking, airway problems
treatment = braces, extraction of teeth, removing portion of jaw
Temporomandibular joint syndrome
inflammation/disease/dysfunction of temporomandibular joint
jaw movement is limited, clicking sounds, pain is usually bilateral with one side more painful, sinus pain
due to unbalanced activity of jaw from teeth grinding, malocclusion, poor dentures, arthritis
treatment = appliances to prevent teeth grinding, splint, physical relaxants
Tooth abscesses
pus-filled sac that develops in tissue around base of root
toothache, throbbing, glands may become swollen, fever
due to tooth decay or tooth structure loss
antibiotic therapy, root canal therapy, apicoectomy
Mouth ulcers
lesion on mucous membrane (canker sores), pale yellow spots
aphthous ulcers = occur during stress or illness
traumatic ulcers = result from injury
treatment = antiseptic mouthwashes, warm salt water, creams
Herpes simplex
contagious recurrent viral infection (cold sores), due to Herpes type 1
produces painful ulcers, tingling and numbness precede appearance
exposure to sun, wind, stress affect onset
treatment = no cure, antiviral ointment to shorten duration
Thrush
fungal infection from candida albicans
sore, slight raised yellow patches in mouth, burning sensation
most common in young children, immunodeficient, elderly
occur as result of prolonged treatment with antibiotics, cancer, diabetes, glucocorticoids
treatment = antifungal medication for 14 days
Necrotizing periodontal disease
ulceration of disease of the gums, gums bleed and can appear greyish
due to anaerobic bacteria resulting from poor oral hygiene, second to gingivitis
most common in HIV/Aids
treatment = antibiotics, mouthwash, minor surgery
Oral leukoplakia
epidermal thickening of buccal mucosa, palate or lower lip
mucous membrane becomes rough/hard/whitish gray
most common in the elderly, reaction to tobacco
treatment = eliminating source of irritation
Oral cancer
SCC in the oral cavity, some are adenocarcinomas
white patchy lesion or ulcer that fails to heal
use of alcohol, tobacco are large factors
treatment = surgery, laser therapy
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach contents, mostly at night
may be described as heartburn, vomitus occurs, tooth enamel becomes eroded
can result from overeating, pregnancy, medications
treatment = elevating the head, taking a light meal before bed, antacids
Esophageal varices
dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients with hypertension
results in upper GI bleeding
may produce no symptoms until the rupture, causing hemorrhages
occurs in many patients with cirrhosis of the liver
treatment = endoscopic sclerotherapy
Esophagitis
inflammation and tissue injury of esophagus
heartburn, vomiting of blood
corrosive esophagitis results from ingestion of alkali or acid
can also appear as GI manifestation of HIV
treatment = bland diet, medications
Esophageal cancer
SCC on the squamous epithelium of esophagus
dysphagia, weight loss, burning sensation, hoarseness
risk factors = smoking, alcohol, very hot beverages, history
mostly affects caucasians and males
treatment = chemoradiotherapy, surgery
Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers
ulceration of the lining of upper intestinal tract or stomach
generally symptom free however can report heartburn, gnawing pain
factor of peptic ulcers is a bacterial infection or use of antiinflammatory agents
treatment = rest, medication, changes in diet, surgery
Gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
epigastric pain, indigestion, fullness after meals,
chronic gastritis more common in the elderly
main cause is bacterial infection ingestion of irritating foods
treatment = antibiotics, antacids
Gastric cancer
occurs in the stomach, frequently asymptomatic in early stages
weight loss, persistent abdominal pain, anorexia
japan has highest incidence in the world, smoking, heredity, diet containing nitroso compounds
treatment = gastric resection, chemoradiotherapy, palliation
Acute appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
vague discomfort around navel, localizes in a few hours, nausea, diarrhea
due to obstruction of appendiceal region
treatment = appendectomy
Hiatal hernia
defect in diaphragm permitting segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity
results in esophageal reflux, causing heartburn, chest pain, respiratory complications
caused by congenital defect, age, obesity, trauma
treatment = dietary modification, drug therapy
Abdominal hernia
an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall
symptoms are base on site/size of hernia, sharp pain
occurs due to trauma, pregnancy, previous surgical scar
treatment = truss to reduce hernia sac, surgery
Crohn’s disease
chronic inflammatory disorder of GI tract
diarrhea, intermittent abdominal pain, weight loss, malaise, nausea, stomach is tender and distended
treatment = incurable, nutritional support to control symptoms, antibiotics
Ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory bowel disease
abdominal cramping, urgency to defecate, watery stools
generally runs in families
treatment = well balanced diet low in fat and bulk, drug, surgical removal of colon and rectum
Gastroenteritis
acute inflammation of lining of stomach and intestines
presence of mucus, pus, blood in stool, traveler’s diarrhea
caused by bacteria, parasites from contaminated food
treatment = rest and eat as tolerated, maintain fluids and electrolytes
Intestinal obstruction
mechanical or functional blockage of intestines
due to partial/complete blockage of the bowel, electrolyte imbalance and high WBC count
causes = neoplasm, volvulus, crohn’s disease
treatment = surgery, fed intravenously until peristalsis returns
Diverticulosis
caused by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel, causes outpouches that vary in size
pain, flatulence, difficulty in defecation
diet that contains inadequate roughage and highly refined food
treatment = adequate fluids and roughage
Diverticulitis
infection/inflammation of diverticula
abdominal pain, tenderness
lack of dietary bulk, inadequate fluid, constipation
treatment = antibiotics, surgical intervention
Colorectal cancer
cancer in any part of the colon or rectum, third most common cancer
abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, abdominal distension, pallor
risk increases with age, history of diabetes, crohn’s disease, family history
treatment = surgical resection, colostomy
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
acute inflammation with plaque like adhesion of necrotic debris
bowel mucosa have membranous appearance, greenish water diarrhea, concentrated urine
generally due to use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, allows for C. difficile infection
treatment = discontinue antibiotic, substitute different medication
Short-bowel system
small bowel fails to absorb nutrients due to inadequate absorptive surface
significant signs of malnutrition are noted, weight loss, rashes
crohn’s disease, tumor resection, trauma
treatment = drugs, food supplements, surgery
Irritable bowel syndrome
cramp like/aching abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloating
immune/neuroimmune disorder
significant female predominance, 20-40 years of age
treatment = medications, stool softeners, soluble fiber supplements
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, becomes hyperemic
has the potential to cause abscesses and adhesions
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
caused by bacterial invasion, E.coli
treatment = broad-spectrum antibiotics, analgesics
Hemorrhoids
varicose dilations of vein in the anal canal or anorectal area
often painless, or some rectal pain, itching, bleeding
can be due to constipation, straining, pregnancy
treatment = stool softeners, fruits/vegetables, warm baths, cryosurgery
