Circulatory System #1 Flashcards
Cardiovascular diseases
tachycardia = abnormally fast heartbeat, bradycardia = abnormally slow heartbeat
ischemia = inadequate blood supply
general presenting symptoms include chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, palpitations, cyanosis, edema, fatigue, syncope
Coronary artery disease
arteries supplying heart become narrowed by atherosclerotic deposits
causes cardiac ischemia and eventually myocardial infarction (heart attack)
pain of angina pectoris, burning, squeezing, radiating to arm, neck, jaw
treatment = vasodilators, angioplasty
Angina pectoris
chest pain due to ischemia, left-sided chest pain after exertion
due to atherosclerosis, tachycardia, respiratory disease
treatment = cessation of activity, nitroglycerin tablets
Myocardial infarction
death of myocardial tissue from ischemia
left-sided chest pain, crushing, burning, may radiate
occurs when coronary artery is occluded to atherosclerotic plaque, thrombus, or muscle spasm
treatment = oxygen, morphine, aspirin, vasodilation, thrombolytic drugs, insertion of a stent
Cardiac arrest
sudden cessation of cardiac activity
patient is unresponsive, no respiratory effort and no pulse
occurs of anoxia or interruption of electrical stimuli
can be caused by electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, drug overdose
treatment = CPR, AED, epinephrine
Hypertensive heart disease
chronically elevated pressure throughout vascular system
due to atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, renal disease
headaches, epistaxis, syncope
stress is a major factor, age smoking, heredity, obesity
treatment = drug therapy, ACE inhibitors, vasodilators
Malignant hypertension
severe headache, blurred vision, dyspnea
extreme stress is a factor
treatment = vasodilators, drug therapy continued for life
Congestive heart failure
inability of the heart to pump enough blood to ensure homeostasis
gradually increasing dyspnea, anxiety, neck veins extend, edema
right side = liver and spleen enlarge
left side = pulmonary congestion, respiratory difficulties
generally caused by MI, hypertension, CAD, COPD
treatment = ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin, no fluid or sodium
Cor pulmonale
enlargement of the right ventricle
distended neck veins, edema of the extremities
can be caused by emphysema and fibrotic pulmonary lesions
treatment = bronchodilators, bed rest, anticoagulants, low salt
Pulmonary edema
condition of fluid shift into the extravascular spaces of the lungs
increased cardiac and respiratory rates, bloody/frothy sputum
caused by left-sided heart failure, mitral valve disease, head trauma, drug overdose
treatment = Fowler’s position, oxygen therapy, drug therapy
Cardiomyopathy
noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle, enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
symptoms of congestive heart failure, syncope, cardiac murmur
dilated = alcoholism, viral infections
hypertrophic = genetic
restrictive = infiltrative process of the heart
treatment = antiarrhythmic agents, digitalis, anticoagulants, rest
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
blood of inflammatory exudate released into the sac produces friction and irritation
pounding heart, dyspnea, chills, fever, tachycardia
caused by viruses, bacteria, trauma, rheumatic fever
treatment = antibiotic drugs, surgical drainage, bed rest
Myocarditis
inflammation of muscular walls of the heart
palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, arrhythmia
viral, bacterial, fungal, or protozoal infection, lithium use, cocaine, alcoholism, radiation
treatment = anti infective agents, rest, analgesics, oxygen
Endocarditis
inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart
causative factors = respiratory tract, dental, urinary, skin infection, from bacteria
vegetative growths on the cardiac valves that may be released into the bloodstream
treatment = intravenous antibiotics, antipyretics, anticoagulants, bed rest
Rheumatic fever
inflammatory and autoimmune disease of the joints and cardiac tissue
sore throat, fever, polyarthritis, cardiac murmurs, follows strep throat
generally in children, caused by bacteria
treatment = penicillin, antipyretics, bed rest
Rheumatic heart disease
cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever
acute endocarditis, CHF
stenosis of the valve openings may occur
treatment = surgery to relieve stenosis, dental hygiene, antibiotics
Valvular heart disease
acquired or congenital
insufficiency allows blood to be forced back into the previous chamber
stenosis = hardening of the cusps of the valves
Mitral stenosis
hardening of cusps on the mitral valve preventing normal opening from left atrium into left ventricle
dyspnea, fatigue, cough
treatment = limitation of sodium intake, anticoagulants, surgery, valvuloplasty
Mitral insufficiency
mitral valve fails to close completely
dyspnea, fatigue, heart murmurs
may be caused from scar tissue, vegetations, rheumatic fever, CAD, MI
treatment = bed rest, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, surgery
Mitral valve prolapse
cusps of the mitral valve protrude into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
generally asymptomatic
may be caused by long or short chordae tendinae, regurgitation of blood causes cardiac murmur
treatment = generally not required, beta-blockers, avoid caffeine, smoking, heavy meals
Arrhythmias
deviation from the normal heartbeat, irregular heartbeats
palpitations, tachycardia, bradycardia, syncope, fatigue
due to disturbances from sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers
may also result from ischemia, drugs
treatment = cessation of drugs, anticoagulants, oxygen, pacemaker
Shock
collapse of cardiovascular system, vital organs do not receive sufficient oxygen
pale, cold, clammy, rapid breathing, altered level of consciousness
can be caused by anaphylaxis, hemorrhage, neurologic failure, emotional catastrophe
treatment = ABCs, supine position, keep warm, oxygen
Cardiogenic shock
inadequate output of blood by the heart, myocardium fails to pump effectively
due to MI, severe heart failure, arrhythmias, valve failure
treatment = shock, medications, intra aortic balloon pump
Cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart muscle and restriction of heart movement
occurs when vessel breaks and blood is trapped in the pericardial sac, myocardium may also rupture
may occur in patients with certain cancers, chronic kidney failure, hypothyroidism
treatment = needle into pericardial space to withdraw blood
