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Pathophysiology > Digestive Sys PPT > Flashcards

Digestive Sys PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Most common digestive cancers in men:

A
  1. prostate
  2. lung/bronchus
  3. colorectal
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2
Q

Most common digestive cancers in women:

A
  1. breast
  2. lung/bronchus
  3. colorectal
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3
Q

Colorectal cancer:

  • More common in __ .
  • __ cases occur in people older than 50 years of age
  • ___ in people over 50, ___ in people under 50
A

men
almost all
Declining, increasing

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4
Q

Colorectal cancer risk factors: (8)

A
  1. Age
  2. Diet
  3. Obesity
  4. Smoking
  5. Excessive alcohol
  6. Fam hx
  7. Chronic UC
  8. Polyps
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5
Q

Colorectal cancer risk factors - Diet: (2)

  1. diet high in ___, low in ___
  2. diet high in ___ meats and __ meat
A
  1. animal fat, fiber

2. processed, red

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6
Q

What is the histology of most colorectal cancers?

A

adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

Colorectal cancer - the prognosis depends on: (3)

A
  1. how far it has extended in to bowel wall
  2. nodal involvement
  3. mets or not
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8
Q

Colorectal cancer if caught early, 5 year survival rate:

A

90%

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9
Q

Colorectal cancer if not found early, prognosis is ___:

A

medium (65%)

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10
Q

Bowel layers from inner to outer:

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis (muscle layer)
serosa

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11
Q

Which layer of the bowel have epithelial cells that have a rapid turnover rate?

A

mucosa

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12
Q

Which layer of the bowel has blood vessels, CT, nerves, glands and lymphatics and as a result nourishes the muscle layer?

A

submucosal layer

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13
Q

Layer responsible for the transport of food:

A

muscularis (muscle layer)

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14
Q

Outer layer have what two parts:

A

Connective Tissue Layer, Peritoneum

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15
Q

Most common site colorectal cancer mets to is ___.

A

liver

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16
Q

Colorectal cancer routes of spread: (3)

A
  1. direct extension
  2. lymphatics and blood
  3. seeding
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17
Q

Colorectal cancer Spreads in a ___, rather than ___.

A

radial, longitudinally

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18
Q

Colorectal cancer:

Surgery is appropriate if __. Surgery may require a ___.

A

it hasn’t spread

colostomy

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19
Q

__ and __ are the most deadly cancers. Why?

A

Pancreatic, ovarian, late diagnosis

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20
Q

Pancreatic cancer is rare in people under __. It occurs most often patients over ___.

A

45, 50

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21
Q

Pancreatic cancer accounts for about _% of Cancers diagnosed annually in U.S.

A

2

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22
Q

Pancreatic cancer risk factors: (5)

A
  1. age
  2. tobacco
  3. fam hx
  4. diabetes
  5. overweight
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23
Q

Pancreatic cancer signs and symptoms: (4)

A
  1. jaundice
  2. abd pain
  3. anorexia
  4. weight loss
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24
Q

What is the histology of most pancreatic cancer?

A

adenocarconoma

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25
How is pancreatic cancer screened for and diagnose?
Imaging - MRI
26
Pancreatic cancer: | About __ of cases are diagnosed are at a later stage with 5 year survival rate of 3%
half
27
Tumor at head of pancreas causes __ symptoms which causes __ diagnosis.
early, early
28
Tumor at tail and body of pancreas causes __ symptoms which causes __ diagnosis.
no, late
29
What is the most common cause of death in pancreatic cancer?
liver failure
30
Pancreatic juices made up of ___ and ___.
amylase, lipase
31
Amylase digests ___; lipase digests ___
carbohydrates, fats
32
Tx for pancreatic cancer: | Surgery, Chemo and RT; RT is for ___
locally advanced, unresectable tumors
33
Esophageal cancer: More common in - by how much?
men | - 3-4x
34
Esophageal cancer: | _% of all cancers in US
1
35
Esophageal cancer: | Usually diagnosed in patients between __ and __
55, 85
36
Esophageal cancer: | Tx of choice is
RT
37
Most cases of esophageal | cancer cases associated with ___ and they have a __ effect
alcohol and tobacco abuse, synergistic
38
Other risk factors for esophageal | cancer: (5)
1. Barret's esophagus 2. GERD 3. Achalasia 4. Plummer-Vinson syndrome 5. Tylosis
39
esophageal cancer: | Barett's esophagus is an example of __
metaplasia
40
esophageal cancer: GERD may lead to what type of cancer?
adeocarcinoma
41
esophageal cancer: Achalasia may lead to what type of cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
42
esophageal cancer: Plummer-Vinson Syndrome may lead to what type of cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
43
esophageal cancer: Tylosis may lead to what type of cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma
44
Mucosal change in distal esophagus from stratified squamous epithelium to columnar due to reflux leads to adenocarcinoma
Barett's Esophagus
45
In lower 2/3 esophagus, sphincter doesn’t work properly and food has a hard time getting in to stomach
Achalasia
46
Membranes grow across esophagus and food can’t get through
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
47
mutation in chromosome 17
Tylosis
48
esophageal cancer signs and symptoms: (4)
1. dysphagia 2. weight loss 3. feeling of food getting stuck in throat/chest 4. burning sensation like heartburn
49
Histology of esophageal cancer: (2)
1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma | 2. Adenocarcinoma
50
Histology of esophageal cancer - squamous cell carcinoma occurs in __ and __ esophagus, is ___ common and is more often associated with ___ (a risk factor).
upper, middle, more, alcohol and tobacco use
51
Histology of esophageal cancer - adenocarcinoma occurs in the __ esophagus
distal
52
esophageal cancer has a __ prognosis; and is usually diagnosed in __ stage
poor; advanced
53
Esophageal cancer tx is: | - when is radiation done?
Surgery, Chemo, Radiation | - after surgery
54
Liver is the largest __ in the body
gland
55
Liver: ___ is the conversion of protein and fat into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
56
__ is secreted by liver and stored in ___ to be exported to the duodenum, bile breaks up fat
Bile, gallbladder
57
Is the liver radiosensitive?
no
58
Usually liver tumors are from primary cancer or mets?
Mets
59
Liver cancer is more common in __. | - how much more common?
men | - 3x
60
Risk factors for liver cancer: (6)
1. Chronic Hep B or C 2. Heavy alcohol 3. diabetes 4. obesity 5. tobacco 6. genetics
61
Liver cancer signs and symptoms: (8)
1. Weight loss 2. loss of appetite 3. nausea 4. feeling very full after a small meal 5. mass 6. itching 7. swelling or fluid buildup in abdomen 8. jaundice
62
How is screening and diagnosis for liver cancer done?
Ultasound and blood tests (LFTs)
63
Most common histology for primary liver tumors is:
hepatocellular carcinoma
64
Liver cancer has a __ prognosis
poor
65
Is chemo used in liver cancer?
No
66
Most common histology of oral cavity is ___
squamous cell carcinoma

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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