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BIO 212 Class > Digestive Study Guide > Flashcards

Digestive Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What digestive enzyme is found in saliva?

A
  • Salivary glands secretion will help bind materials
  • Secretes SALIVARY AMYLASE to dissolve starches
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2
Q

Outline the path of food through the digestive tract

A

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Anus

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3
Q

Oral cavity

A

mastication and breakdown of food by salivary enzymes

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4
Q

Esophagus

A

related to gastric reflux and heart burn

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5
Q

Stomach

A

3 muscle layers for contraction that churns and mixes food to alter the materials

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6
Q

What cell types are found in the gastric pits?

A

Surface Mucous cell

Mucous neck cell

Parietal Cell

Chief Cell

G cell

Some Men Punch Cunty Girls

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7
Q

Surface Mucous Cell

A
  • secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin
  • Mucin becomes hydrated, producing mucus layer.
  • This mucus layer along with a high rate of cell turnover in the mucosa helps prevent ulceration of the stomach lining upon exposure to both the high acidity of the gastric fluid and gastric enzymes
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8
Q

Mucous Neck Cell

A
  • secretes acidic fluid containing mucin
  • the acidic mucin helps maintain the acidic conditions resulting from the secretion of hydrochlorid acid by parietal cells. Also helps protect the stomach from injury
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9
Q

Parietal Cell

A

Secretes:

  • Intrinsic Factor-required for absorption of vitamin B12
  • HCL-it forms the H+ and Cl- secreted across the parietal cells surface. Responsible for Low pH of stomach
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10
Q

HCL in stomach

A
  • converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active pepsin and provides the optimal pH environment for pepsin activity
  • it kills most microorganisms that enter the stomach (most cannot survive in the extremely low pH)
  • It contributes to the breakdown of plant cell wall and animal connective tissue
  • it denatures proteins by causing them to unfold, thus facilitating the chemical digestion by enzymes
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11
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secretes:

  • Pepsinogen-inactive form of pepsin. Must be inactive to prevent destruction of the chief cell proteins
  • Gastric lipase- role in fat digestion
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12
Q

G- cell

A
  • enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin into the blood.
  • gastrine stimulates stomach secretions and motility
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13
Q

Liver

A

-produce and release bile into the duodenum``

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14
Q

Bile

A

contains largely water, bicarb ions, bile salts, and lecithin

  • helps mechanically digest lipids by emulsifying it.
  • makes it into tiny droplets
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15
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  • attached to inferior surface of the liver
  • stores, concentrates, and releases bile into duodenum
  • sphincter valve controls flow of bile into and out of the gallbladder
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16
Q

Pancreas houses which cells

A
  • Duct Cell
  • Acinar Cell
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17
Q

Duct cell

A

produces bicarb to counter acidic chyme

18
Q

Acinar Cell

A

secretes amylase, lipase, protease, and nucleases

19
Q

The secretions of the small intestine

A
  • epithelial cells
  • globlet cells
  • intestinal glands
20
Q

Epithelial cells of the small intestine

A
  • microvilli increase the surface area and appear under the microscope as brush border. This is where brush border enzymes are found
  • brush border enzymes complete the chemical digestions of most nutrients by getting it to the points where it can be absorbed into the blood
21
Q

Goblet cells of the small intestine

A
  • Produces mucin forming mucous which protect stomach and aids in movement from one area to the next
  • Increase in number from the duodenum to ileum
22
Q

Intestinal Glands of the small intestine

A
  • Invaginations of mucosa between intestinal villi
  • secrete intestinal juice that extends to the base of the mucosa
  • composed of unicellular gland cells and enteroendocrine cells
  • I UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING
23
Q

Unicellular gland cells

A
  • found in intestinal glands of small intestine
  • synthesize enteropeptidase- breaks down proteins
24
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A
  • found in intestinal glands of small intestine
  • release hormones such as CCK and GIP
25
Q

What enzymes are involved in digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

A
  • Pancreatic Amylase
  • Pancreatic Lipase
  • Pancreatic Protease
26
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A
  • produced by the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine
  • continues digestion of starch that began in the oral cavity by salivary amylase
  • Brush border enzymes complete the breakdown of starch to individual glucose molecules and are responsible for the digestion of disaccharides
27
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A
  • bile salts released from the liver and gallbladder emulifsy lipid droplets to form micelles
  • pancreatic lipase functions within micelles to digest each triglyceride into a monoglyceride and two free fatty acids
  • Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter an epithelial cell, while bile salts remain in the intestinal lumen to be reabsorbed and recycled
  • Triglycerides are reassembled within epithelial cells. Lipids are then wrapped with protein to form a chylomicron. Chylomicrons are packaged within secretory vesicles and then exocytosed from the cells and absorbed into lacteals to enter the lymph.
28
Q

Pancreatic Protease

A
  • Proteolytic enzymes are released from the pancreas
  • Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogin to trypsin, trypsin then activates chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin and procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidases
  • Activated Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes break proteins into peptides and amino acids
  • brush border peptidase breaks peptides into single amino acids to be absorbed through epithelial cell into blood
29
Q

What are three hormones that regulate the digestive system

A
  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
  • Cholestokinin (CCK)
30
Q

Gastrin

A

produced in stomach

  • release of gastrin is initiated by food in stomach
  • further stimulates contractile activity and HCl, pepsinogen, gastric lipase release
  • Stimulates contraction of pyloric sphincter to slow stomach emptying to give gastric juices more time to work
31
Q

Secretin

A

Produced in small intestine

  • released in response to increased chyme acidity
  • causes release of alkaline solution containing bicarb from liver and pancreatic ducts to help neutralize the acidic chyme
  • Inhibits gastric secretions and motility- doesn’t want to handle any material. Tells stomach to slow down
32
Q

Cholestokinin

A

produced in small intestine

  • released in response to fatty chyme
  • stimulates smooth muscle in gallbladder to strongly contract and release bile
  • Relaxes smooth muscle within hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • allows entry of bile and pancreatic juice into small intestine
  • inhibits stomach motility and release of gastric secretions
33
Q

Describe the structure of the small intestine

A
  • Divided into three continuous regions:duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
  • Duodenum receives chyme from stomach mixed with accessory organ secretions.
  • Chyme is very acidic
  • Bicarb from the pancreas helps neutralize the chyme so that enzymes work
  • Most chemical digestions and absorption occur here
34
Q

Describe the functions of the small intestines

A
  • Ingested nutrients spend at least 12 hours here to give them time to be absorbed
  • Absorbs most nutrients and large percentage of water and electrolytes
  • Vitamins absorbed here
35
Q

Describe the Villi in the small intestine

A
  • Fingerlike projection of the mucosa
  • Larger and most numerous in the jejunum
  • helps increase surface area and absorption and secretion
  • Contains an arteriole, capillary network, venule, and lacteal
36
Q

What are the regions of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Vermiform Appendix
  • Colon
  • Rectum/anal canal
  • Tenaie colon
  • Omental Appendices
37
Q

Cecum

A

chyme entering from ileum

38
Q

Teniae Colon

A

thin longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle that bunch into haustra

39
Q

Omental Appendices

A

Lobes of fat hanging off external surface of haustra

40
Q

Function of the Large intestine

A
  • Continous absorption of water, electrolytes, and vitamins
  • Bacterial Flora
  • breakdown of carbs, proteins, lipids remaining in chyme. Produce vitamin B and vitamin K as well as gas
  • Watery chyme compacted into feces and eliminated through anus (defecation).
  • Depending on how much time feces spends in large intestine determines its consistency

BIO 212 Class (12 decks)

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