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AP II B5 Digestive > Digestive Part I - slides 116 through 167 > Flashcards

Digestive Part I - slides 116 through 167 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Tongue:

A

Fungiform papillae

Filiform papillae

Circumvallate papillae

foliate papillae

lingual tonsil

palatine tonsil

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2
Q

Tongue:

Considered an accessory digestive organ

Composed of ___ ____ covered with a mucous membrane

With associated muscles forms the…

A

Tongue:

Considered an accessory digestive organ

Composed of skeletal muscle covered with a mucous membrane

With associated muscles forms the floor of the oral cavity

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3
Q

Tongue:

Divided into symmetric lateral halves by a ___ ___ that extends entire length

A

Tongue:

Divided into symmetric lateral halves by a median septum that extends entire length

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4
Q

Tongue:

Attached inferiorly to the ___ bone, styloid process of the ___ ___, and _____

A

Tongue:

Attached inferiorly to the hyoid bone, styloid process of the temporal bone, and mandible

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5
Q

Tongue:

___ ___ is a fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the ventral aspect (undersurface) of the tongue

A

Lingual frenulum

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6
Q

Functions of the lingulum frenulum?

A
  • Attaches to the floor of the mouth

- Aids in limiting the movement of the tongue posteriorly

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7
Q

___ in the lamina propria of the tongue secrete Watery serous fluid which Contains lingual lipase

A

Lingual glands (Von Ebners glands)

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8
Q

Lingual glands (Von Ebners glands) are where and secrete what?

A

in the lamina propria of the tongue secrete Watery serous fluid which Contains lingual lipase

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9
Q

Acts on as much as 30% of dietary triglycerides

Gets secreted in the mouth, but is not activated until in the stomach

A

Lingual lipase

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10
Q

Where is lingual lipase secreted?

Where is it activated?

A

Gets secreted in the mouth, but is not activated until in the stomach

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11
Q

Dorsal (upper surface) and lateral surfaces of tongue are covered with

A

papillae

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12
Q

Which parts of the tongue have papillae?

A

Dorsal (upper) and lateral surfaces

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13
Q

Nipple shaped projections of the lamina propria covered with stratified squamous epithelium

A

papillae

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14
Q

Many contain taste buds (receptors for gustation or taste)

Some lack taste buds but have receptors for touch instead —- Helps to increase the friction between food and tongue making it easier for tongue to move food

A

papillae

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15
Q

types of papillae?

A

Vallate

Fungiform

Foliate

Filiform

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16
Q

Approximately 12 form an inverted “V” shaped row at the back of the tongue
Each of the 12 contain 100-300 taste buds

A

Vallate (circumvallate) papillae

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17
Q

Mushroom shaped elevations scatter over entire tongue surface

Each contains about 5 taste buds

A

Fungiform papillae

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18
Q

Located in small trenches on lateral margins of tongue

Most of their taste buds degeneate in childhood

A

Foliate papillae

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19
Q

Pointed, threadlike; found on entire surface of tongue

Contain no taste buds but do have tactile receptors

These help to increase friction between tongue and food

A

Filiform papillae

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20
Q

These help to increase friction between tongue and food

A

Filiform papillae

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21
Q

Mechanical digestion results from mastication (chewing)

Food is reduced to a soft, flexible, easily swallowed mass called a ___

Food molecules begin to mechanically break apart in ___

This is important as ___ can only react with food in a liquid environment

A

Food is reduced to a soft, flexible, easily swallowed mass called a bolus

Food molecules begin to mechanically break apart in saliva

This is important as enzymes can only react with food in a liquid environment

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22
Q

Two enzymes that contribute to chemical digestion are secreted in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

  • –Initiates breakdown of carbohydrates
  • –Chloride ions in saliva activate this in the mouth
  • –Stomach acid deactivates this

Lingual lipase

  • –Initiates breakdown of triglycerides (lipids)
  • –Activated in the stomach by stomach acid
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23
Q
  • –Initiates breakdown of carbohydrates
  • –Chloride ions in saliva activate this in the mouth
  • –Stomach acid deactivates this
A

Salivary amylase

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24
Q
  • –Initiates breakdown of triglycerides (lipids)

- –Activated in the stomach by stomach acid

A

Lingual lipase

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25
Q

When food is first swallowed, passes from mouth into pharynx

A

Funnel-shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and to the larynx anteriorly

Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane

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26
Q

Pharynx is Divided into three parts:

A

Nasopharynx- functions only in respiration

Oropharynx- function in digestion and respiration

Hypo/Laryngopharynx- function in digestion and respiration

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27
Q

functions only in respiration

A

Nasopharynx-

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28
Q

function in digestion and respiration

A

Oropharynx-

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29
Q

function in digestion and respiration

A

Hypo/Laryngopharynx-

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30
Q

Swallowed food passes from mouth into

A

oropharynx then laryngopharynx

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31
Q

Muscular contractions of these areas help propel food into the esophagus and then into stomach

A

Pharynx

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32
Q

Collapsible muscular tube
Usually 10in long
Lies posterior to the trachea

A

Esophagus

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33
Q

Esophagus

Begins at inferior end of _____, passes through the inferior portion of neck, enters mediastinum, pierces the diaphragm, ends at…

A

hypo/laryngopharynx

….superior portion of stomach

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34
Q

Pierces diaphragm through esophageal hiatus

Sometimes part of the stomach herniates through this opening (called hiatal hernia)

A

Esophagus

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35
Q

Sometimes part of the stomach herniates through this opening called….

A

hiatal hernia

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36
Q

Esophagus- Histology

Superficial surface to lumen:

A

Adventitia

Muscularis

Submucosa

Mucosa

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37
Q

Superficial surface to lumen

Attaches esophagus to surrounding structures
Muscularis
Superior 1/3 esophagus is skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 esophagus is skeletal transitioning to smooth muscle
Inferior 1/3 esophagus is smooth muscle
Submucosa
Contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, mucous glands

A

Adventitia

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38
Q

Esophagus:

Superior 1/3 esophagus is skeletal muscle

Middle 1/3 esophagus is skeletal transitioning to smooth muscle

Inferior 1/3 esophagus is smooth muscle

A

Muscularis

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39
Q

Esophagus:

Contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, mucous glands

A

Submucosa

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40
Q

Esophagus:

Superior 1/3 esophagus is __ ____

Middle 1/3 esophagus is skeletal transitioning to ___ ____

Inferior 1/3 esophagus is ___ _____

A

Esophagus:

Superior 1/3 esophagus is skeletal muscle

Middle 1/3 esophagus is skeletal transitioning to smooth muscle

Inferior 1/3 esophagus is smooth muscle

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41
Q

Esophagus

Mucosa (3 layers)

A

Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Affords considerable protection against abrasion from food particles

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42
Q

At either end of the esophagus, muscularis layer thickens forming sphincters

A

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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43
Q

which is skeletal muscle

Regulates movement of food from hypopharynx to esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

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44
Q

which is smooth muscle

Regulates movement of food from esophagus to stomach

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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45
Q

Secretes mucous (protective function)

Transports food to the stomach

Does NOT produce digestive enzymes

Does NOT participate in absorption

A

Esophagus

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46
Q

Act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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47
Q

Movement of food from the mouth into the stomach

Facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucous and involves the mouth, pharynx, esophagus

Assisted by swallowing which is completed in three phases?

A

Deglutition

  1. The voluntary stage
  2. The pharyngeal stage
  3. The esophageal stage
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48
Q

Swallowing starts when bolus is forced to back of the oral cavity

Bolus begins to travel backward toward the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate

A

The Voluntary Stage

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49
Q

The Pharyngeal Stage (continued later)

Passage of bolus into oropharynx through….

Bolus stimulates receptors here which send impulses to deglutition center in the…

A

The Pharyngeal Stage

…hypo/laryngopharynx and eventually into esophagus

….medulla oblongata and lower pons of brain stem

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50
Q

The Pharyngeal Stage (continued)

The returning impulses cause the soft palate and uvula to move upwards to…

This prevents swallowed food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity

Impulses also cause the epiglottis to….

This prevents the bolus from entering the respiratory tract

The bolus moves through the oropharynx and hypo/laryngopharynx

At this point the _________ relaxes

A

…close off the nasopharynx

… move to cover the opening to the larynx

upper esophageal sphincter

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51
Q

The Esophageal Stage begins when?

A

Begins once the bolus has entered the esophagus

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52
Q

The Esophageal Stage

During this phase, peristalsis pushes the bolus onward

As the bolus is moved down the esophagus, the ________relaxes allowing food into the stomach

A

lower sphincter

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53
Q

is a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis

A

Peristalsis

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54
Q

Passage of solid or semisolid food from mouth to stomach takes 4-8 seconds

Passage of very soft foods or liquids takes about 1 second

A

The Esophageal Stage

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55
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly inferior to diaphragm

A

Stomach -

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56
Q

stomach connects the

A

esophagus to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

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57
Q

Stomach serves as a mixing chamber and holding reservoir

When food mixes with gastric juices, this becomes

A

chyme

58
Q

Position and size of stomach vary continually as it moves with breathing, and shrinks or expands in response to food or lack there of

A

cool dude

59
Q

Most distensible part of the GI tract

A

stomach

60
Q

Most distensible part of the GI tract, can expand and accommodate a large quantity of food… why?

A

Because the mucosa lies in rugae (folds)

61
Q

picture on slide 147

A

check it out slacker

62
Q

Stomach Has four main regions… name them all

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Plyoric part (three parts of this)

63
Q

Surrounds the superior opening of the stomach

A

cardia

64
Q

Rounded portion superior to and left of the cardia

A

The fundus

65
Q

Inferior to the fundus, large central portion

A

The body

66
Q

The pyloric part (divided into three parts)

A

Pyloric antrum connects to the body of the stomach

Pyloric canal leads to the third region

Pylorus- connects to the duodenum via pyloric sphincter

67
Q

connects to the body of the stomach

A

Pyloric antrum

68
Q

leads to the third region

A

Pyloric canal

69
Q

connects to the duodenum via pyloric sphincter

A

Pylorus

70
Q

Stomach-Histology

Superficial to lumen

4 layers?

A
  1. Serosa
  2. Muscularis (three layers of smooth muscle)
  3. Submucosa (connective areolar tissue)
  4. Mucosa (lamina propria and muscularis mucosae)
  • —Contains gastric glands/pits
  • —-Contains specialized exocrine gland cells
  • —Contains an enteroendocrine cell type
71
Q

Greater curvature of stomach serosa continues as the greater omentum

Lesser curvature of stomach projects upward towards liver as the lesser omentum

A

serosa of stomach

72
Q

of stomach serosa continues as the greater omentum

A

Greater curvature

73
Q

of stomach projects upward towards liver as the lesser omentum

A

Lesser curvature

74
Q

Contains Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus)

A

Muscularis (three layers of smooth muscle)

75
Q

Auerbach’s plexus AKA

A

myenteric plexus

76
Q

Contains Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)

A

Submucosa (connective areolar tissue)

77
Q

Submucosa AKA

A

(connective areolar tissue)

78
Q

Meissner’s plexus AKA

A

(submucosal plexus)

79
Q

Stomach histology:

Mucosal layer (3 layers external to internal) NAME THEM

A

Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Lamina propria (connective areolar tissue)

Mucosa

80
Q

Mucosa

Form columns of secretory cells called _____ that open into the lumen surface (gastric pits)

Gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells that…..

Gastric glands also contain

A

gastric glands

…..secrete their product into stomach lumen

enteroendocrine cells

81
Q

Mucosa:

Gastric glands contain three types of exocrine gland cells that secrete their product into stomach lumen

A

Mucous neck cells

Chief cells

Parietal cells

82
Q

Mucosa:

Gastric glands also contain enteroendocrine cells

A

G-Cell – secretes a hormone into the BLOODSTREAM, not stomach lumen

Enterochromaffin-like cells – secretes hormone into bloodstream

83
Q

secretes a hormone into the BLOODSTREAM, not stomach lumen (of the mucosa of stomach)

A

G-Cell

84
Q

– secretes hormone into bloodstream (of the mucosa of stomach)

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells

85
Q

Exocrine cells of the stomach:

A

Mucous cells/neck cells

Chief cells (zymogenic)

Parietal cells (oxyntic)

86
Q

Exocrine cells of the stomach:

Chief cells (zymogenic)

Secrete what two things?

A

Secretes pepsinogen (inactive precursor enzyme)

Secretes gastric lipase (of little importance here)

87
Q

Exocrine cells of the stomach:

Parietal cells (oxyntic)

Secretes what THREE things?

A

Parietal cells (oxyntic):

Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Secretes intrinsic factor (IF)

Secretes bicarbonate

88
Q

Deactivates salivary amylase

Activates lingual lipase

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

secreted by Parietal cells (oxyntic)

89
Q

is needed to aid in absorption of vitamin B12/cyanocobalamin

If B12 is not absorbed, ______- can occur

A

Intrinsic factor (Parietal cells (oxyntic) secrete this)

pernicious anemia

90
Q

parietal cells AKA

A

oxyntic

91
Q

This gets formed inside the cell and is secrete into the blood stream

(secreted by parietal cells of the stomach)

A

bicarbonate

92
Q

Found in the pyloric antrum

Secretes hormone Gastrin into bloodstream

A

G-Cells

93
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

G-Cells

Enterochromaffin-like Cells

94
Q

Secretes histamine

A

Enterochromaffin-like Cells

95
Q

activates parietal cells to produce HCl

A

histamine (secreted by Enterochromaffin-like Cells)

96
Q

Stimulates HCl acid production (with histamine)

Stimulates gastric motility

Stimulates Chief cells to produce more pepsin

A

Gastrin in bloodstream (secreted by G-cells)

97
Q

Gastrin in bloodstream (secreted by G-cells) stimulates what three things?

A

Stimulates HCl acid production (with histamine)

Stimulates gastric motility

Stimulates Chief cells to produce more pepsin

98
Q

SLide 156 image looks cool

A

good nerd

99
Q

Mechanical Digestion

_____- peristaltic waves in the stomach occurring every 15-20 seconds

A

Mixing waves

100
Q

Mixing waves-

Help ___ food, mix it with gastric secretions, and reduce it to a soupy liquid

At this point, the substance formed in the stomach is called ____

These waves ____ as the chyme is moved towards the pylorus

A

macerate

chyme

intensify

101
Q

approximately 3mL of chyme is ejected into the duodenum each wave

A

Gastric emptying-

102
Q

Gastric emptying- approximately 3mL of chyme is ejected into the duodenum each wave

The remainder is….

A

pushed back into body of stomach where mixing continues

103
Q

Chemical digestion in the stomach think of these two….

A

Pepsin

Gastric Lipase

104
Q

the only proteolytic (protein digesting) enzyme in the stomach

A

Pepsin

105
Q

Released in very small quantities (usually only in the face of pancreatic insufficiency)

A

Gastric Lipase-

106
Q

If active, digests small quantity of triglycerides

A

Gastric Lipase-

107
Q

Gastric Lipase-

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ___ from ___

A

small intestines from pancreatic juices

108
Q

Pepsin

Prepared as pepsinogen (inactive form) in the…

A

…. chief cells

109
Q

inactive form of pepsin

A

pepsinogen

110
Q

activates the pepsinogen in the lumen

A

HCl or pepsin

111
Q

Most efficient in acidic environment

A

Pepsin

112
Q

Stomach epithelial cells are protected by a 1-3mm thick layer of alkaline mucous

This helps to prevent the pepsin from….

A

digesting the proteins found in the structure of the epithelial cells

113
Q

Absorption in the stomach

A

Very little occurs as the epithelial cells are impermeable to most substances,

However, water, ions, short-chain fatty acids and some drugs (like aspirin and alcohol) can be absorbed

114
Q

what can be absorbed in the stomach?

A

water, ions, short-chain fatty acids and some drugs (like aspirin and alcohol) can be absorbed

ALTHOUGH… Very little occurs as the epithelial cells are impermeable to most substances

115
Q

Within 2-4 hours of ingesting a meal, the stomach has emptied its contents into

A

duodenum

116
Q

In the stomach:

____ spend least amount of time in stomach
h

A

Carbohydrates

117
Q

In the stomach:

____remain somewhat longer

A

High-protein foods

118
Q

In the stomach:

______ remain the longest in stomach

A

Fat-laden meals

119
Q

Accessory digestive organ

A retroperitoneal gland

  • –Approximately 5-6in long and 1in thick
  • –Lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach
A

Pancreas

120
Q

Pancreas exocrine functions?

A

Acini – clusters of glandular cells that produce digestive enzymes/fluids

121
Q

– clusters of glandular cells that produce digestive enzymes/fluids (pancreatic exocrine function)

A

Acini

122
Q

Pancreas endocrine functions?

A

Pancreatic islets –produce hormones

123
Q

–produce hormones

pancreatic endocrine function

A

Pancreatic islets

124
Q

Fluid and digestive enzymes secreted by exocrine cells (pancreas)

A

Pancreatic juices-

125
Q

Primary duct in pancreas

A

Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)

126
Q

Pancreatic duct AKA

A

(duct of Wirsung)

127
Q

Pancreatic duct Merges with the

A

common bile duct

128
Q

After the Pancreatic duct Merges with the common bile duct

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) is formed

Sphincter of Oddi surrounds this ampulla controlling flow of fluids

129
Q

This opens into the duodenum

A

Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)

130
Q

Accessory duct AKA

A

(duct of Santorini)

131
Q

Smaller duct branching off of pancreatic duct

Drains into duodenum, just proximal to the ampulla of Vater

A

Accessory duct (duct of Santorini)

132
Q

Accessory duct (duct of Santorini)

Smaller duct branching off of _____

Drains into duodenum, just proximal to the …

A

pancreatic duct

…..ampulla of Vater

133
Q

Draw out the route from the hepatic duct to the minor duodenal papilla

A
  1. The hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the liver lobes, combine to form the common hepatic duct
  2. The common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct
  3. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla
  4. The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
  5. The accessory pancreatic duct empties pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla
134
Q

Everyday pancreas produces ____ of pancreatic juice

A

1200-1500mL

135
Q

pancreatic juice: A clear, colorless liquid consisting mostly of ….

A

….water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, several enzymes

136
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3–) gives pancreatic juice slightly

A

alkaline pH (7.1-8.2)

137
Q

Buffers acidic gastric juices in chyme

Stops the action of pepsin from the stomach

Creates proper pH for the action of digestive enzymes in small intestine

A

Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3–) in bicarbonate juices

138
Q

Trypsin* – protein digestion
Chymotrypsin* – protein digestion
Carboxypeptidase* – protein digestion
Elastase*- protein digestion
Pancreatic amylase- carbohydrate digestion
Pancreatic lipase – principle triglyceride digestion
Phospholipase – phospholipid digestion
Cholesterol esterase – aids in cholesterol digestion

A

Pancreatic Juice- Enzymes

139
Q 
Trypsin* – ? digestion
Chymotrypsin* – ? digestion
Carboxypeptidase* – ? digestion
Elastase*- ? digestion
Pancreatic amylase- ? digestion
Pancreatic lipase – ? digestion
Phospholipase – ? digestion
Cholesterol esterase – aids in ? digestion
A

Trypsin* – protein digestion
Chymotrypsin* – protein digestion
Carboxypeptidase* – protein digestion
Elastase*- protein digestion
Pancreatic amylase- carbohydrate digestion
Pancreatic lipase – principle triglyceride digestion
Phospholipase – phospholipid digestion
Cholesterol esterase – aids in cholesterol digestion

140
Q

pancreatic enzymes: Protein digesting enzymes are produced in inactive forms (zymogenic)

A

Trypsinogen (inactive) – Trypsin (active)

Chymotrypsinogen (inactive) – Chymotrypsin (active)

Procarboxypeptidase (inactive) –
Carboxypeptidase (active)

Prolastase (inactive) – Elastase (active)

AP II B5 Digestive (4 decks)

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