Digestive, Nervous, Muscular Systems Flashcards
What is the role of the Digestive/Gastrointestinal System?
To provide the body with food molecules that are broken down for energy and reassembled into structures the body needs for growth
also absorbs water, vitamins and minerals
What parts of the body make up the Digestive System?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, rectum, anus
What is the pathway through which food travels?
Alimentary Canal
What is the process of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth - breaks food apart
Esophagus
Stomach - secrets digestive enzymes
Duodenum to Small Intestine where nutrients are absorbed in bloodstream
Large Intestine - absorbs water and forms waste
Anus
What are the accessory organs that secrete substances to aid in the breakdown of food?
Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
What are the enzymes created during digestion to break down food?
Pepsin - acts on proteins
Lipase - acts on facts
Amylase - acts on carbs
What muscular contractions move food through the digestive system?
Peristalsis
What is the function of Mechanical Digestion?
includes processes that break food into smaller pieces without changing it chemically
ex: teeth chewing, stomach mixing with digestive juices
What is the function of Chemical Digestion?
includes processes that chemically change food molecules and break them down into smaller parts that can be used by cells
ex: Saliva, stomach acid, liver, and pancreas
What is the function of gastric juice?
Produced by the stomach, combination of hydrochloric acid that helps break down food
What regulates the production of gastric juice?
Hormones and stimulated by factors such as smell, thought of food, or presence of food
What is the function of the pancreas?
secretes amylase, lipase, nuclease, and several proteolytic (protein splitting) enzymes
What is the function of the Liver?
creates bile that is stored in the gallbladder as needed
helps break down fats
removes toxins and aids in metabolic processes
Which systems make up the Nervous System?
Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - nerves + sensory organs
What 2 cells make up Nervous Tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglia
What is the function of neurons?
transmit electrochemical signals to body
What is the function of neuroglia?
surround and help maintain neurons
What is the function of the CNS?
controls sensation + perception, thinking, movement
What are the regions of the brain?
L + R cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem
What makes up the PNS?
nerves that branch from CNS to the body
includes cranial and spinal nerves
includes somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?
controls voluntary and conscious activities
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
controls involuntary and subconscious activities
What structures make up a neuron?
Cell body - contains nucleus
Dendtrites - projections that receive messages
Long axon - transmits messages to cells
What are the three types of Neurons?
Afferent - sends sensory signals to CNS
Efferent - sends signals from CNS to Muscular System
Interneurons - network that transmitsfrom afferent to efferent
What is the function of the Muscular System?
works in conjunction with the skeletal system to allow movement
Voluntary - conscious movement (walking/speaking)
Involuntary - subconscious movement (breathing/digestion)
What are the three types of muscles?
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
What are the features of Skeletal Muscle?
- most abundant and controlled voluntarily (for the most part)
- tendons attach it to bones to create motion when muscles contract
What are features of Smooth Muscle?
- less striated than skeletal muscle under microscope
- found in digestive tract, urinary tract, uterus, blood vessels, bladder, eyes, etc
- moves substances through these organs in wavelike motion called peristalsis
- involuntary and stretchiest type of muscle
What are the features of Cardiac Muscle?
- found in heart
- involuntary
- muscle fibers that make up muscle tissues are long, thin tubes that contain contractile fibers (fascicles)
– surrounded by connective tissue that fuses and form tendons to attach to bones
What is the function of muscles?
- contract in response to nerve impulses, voluntary or involuntary
- neurons control contractions of cells by releasing neurotransmitters
- motor neurons control voluntary movements
- smooth and cardiac controlled by autonomic system
