DIGESTIVE AND GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION Flashcards
DIGESTIVE AND GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION
I. Anatomy of the Digestive System
The digestive system is made up of the __ & __ that help the body break down and absorb food.
- pathway that extends from the
gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
Gastrointestinal tract
mouth to the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum to the terminal structure, the anus .
Upper GI:
Lower GI
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Duodenum
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
It receives food and begins the mechanical breakdown of food by the action of chewing and grinding the food
Give 5 parts
Oral cavity
- Lips
- Cheeks
- Palate
- Tongue
- Teeth
- The __ is permanently moist due to a continuous coating of ___ which makes swallowing easier.
( 3 categories)
oral cavity
Saliva
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual.
3 Pharynx
- nasopharynx,
- oral pharynx and
- laryngeal pharynx
- located in the mediastinum, anterior to the spine and posterior to the trachea and heart.
- receives food from your __ when you __.
- at the bottom, contains the ___ that controls the flow of food.
Esophagus
mouth
swallow
esophageal sphincter
- Situated in the ___ of the abdomen.
- Has four anatomic regions: __,__, __,__
- A hollow muscular organ with a capacity of approximately ___.
- Stores during eating
- Secretes ___
- ____ is secreted when food enters the stomach and secretion stops when the stomach pH
drops ____ - Propels ___ (consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food) into the small intestine through the __.
Stomach
left upper portion
the cardia (entrance), fundus, body, and pylorus (outlet).
1500 mL
food
digestive fluids
Gastrin
below 1.5
chyme
pyloric sphincter
- The __ is the longest section of small intestine.
Main function is ___
Ileum
absorption of nutrients
- The longest segment of the GI tract.
- Breaks down food using __ and __
- Has three sections:
Small Intestine
enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver.
duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
- The ___ continues the process of mechanical digestion by the action of ___
duodenum
peristalsis
Large intestine
- Consists of (5)
- absorption of water, electrolytes and vitamins (___ and some _____ (___)
Responsible for processing ____ passing by means of __
- Stool is stored in the _
- Normally takes about ____ for stool to get through the colon.
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
vitamin K
B complexes (B 1 , B 2 and folic acid)
waste
peristalsis.
sigmoid (S-shaped) colon.
36 hours
___
- Chamber that connects the
- Receive stool from the
- When ___ comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain.
Rectum
colon to the anus.
colon.
anything (gas or stool)
Anus
- Consists of the __ and ___
- The lining of the upper anus is able to detect ___
- The __ sphincter is always __, except when __
pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external).
rectal contents.
internal
tight
stool enters the rectum
Pancreas
- Exocrine function - ______ (with a mesurement of ___)
- __ (carbohydrates)
- __ (Protein)
- __ (fats)
- Endocrine function
- ___ from pancreatic ___ cells – increases blood glucose levels
- ____ from pancreatic ___ cells – lowers blood glucose levels
- _____ from pancreatic ___ cells – regulates both glucagon and insulin levels.
pancreatic juice (1500 mL of pancreatic juice are produced per day)
pancreatic amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
glucagon - alpha
insulin - beta
somatostatin - delta
glucagon - from? and function
insulin - from? and function
somatostatin - from? and function
- ___ from pancreatic alpha cells – increases blood glucose levels
- ____ from pancreatic beta cells – lowers blood glucose levels
- _____ from pancreatic delta cells – regulates both glucagon and insulin levels.
Liver
- __, __, __ metabolism
- modifies waste products and toxic substances, i.e. drugs such as ____
- produces and stores ____ (___ blood glucose levels)
- converts __ to __, which is a waste product
- stores __, __, __
- manufactures __ such as ___
- production of ___, which emulsifies ___ in the diet for ___
carbohydrate, protein and fat
paracetamol, aspirin and alcohol
glycogen
maintains
ammonia into urea
minerals (iron and copper)
fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
water soluble vitamins (B 12)
plasma proteins
prothrombin
bile
fats
absorption
water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B 12
what are fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
Gallbladder
- Stores and concentrates ___ from the __ and releases it into the ___.
Give 4 illness of gall bladder
bile
liver
duodenum
Cholecystitis, Choledocholithiasis, Cholelithiasis, cholangitis
A. Mouth function
Chewing (___ ) and Swallowing (___)
- The process of digestion begins with the act of ___ .
- Eating—or even the sight, smell, or taste of food—can cause _____.
- __ & __, also contained in saliva, help lubricate the food.
- ___ begins as a voluntary act to ___.
Mastication
Deglutition
chewing
reflex salivation
Water and mucus
Swallowing
esophageal peristalsis
is an enzyme that begins the digestion of starches.
- Ptyalin, or salivary amylase,
B. Gastric Function
- The ___ secretes a highly acidic fluid (___) in response to the ingestion of food: (2)
stomach
HCl, up to pH1
- to break down food into more absorbable components
- to aid in the destruction of most ingested bacteria.
an important enzyme for protein digestion in gastric juice
- Pepsin
__ combines with dietary vitamin __.
- Intrinsic factor
B12